Transcript Development - SchoolRack

Development
Key Issue #2: Where are more and less
developed countries distributed?
Anglo-America
 Western Europe
 Eastern Europe
 Japan
 South Pacific
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More Developed Regions
Anglo America
Canada and the United States
HDI = .94
90% use English as their first language
90% are Christian
Well endowed with minerals and natural
resources
 Remains the leading consumers
 Leading provider of high-tech services and
services that promote use of leisure time
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Anglo-America
American Leisure Industries
Western Europe
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HDI = .93
The diversity of language and religion has
been a source of conflict for many years
Competition caused WWI and WWII
Competition has dissolved since WWII
The EU makes Western Europe the world’s
largest and richest market
NIRs are at or below zero, so population
growth is only because of immigration
Western Europe
HDI = .80
 Eastern Europe is the only region that has
declined since 1990
 Legacy of Communist rule
 It is classified as developed because of its
tradition of development
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Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe
HDI = .94
Unfavorable ratio of population to
resources
 High physiological density
 Few raw materials
 How did it develop?
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◦ At first – abundant supply of labor willing to
work for cheap
◦ Once it had a foothold in the global economy,
Japan began to make more high value goods
◦ Concentrating resources and rigorous
educational systems and training programs to
create skilled labor
Japan
South Pacific
HDI = .87
The South Pacific has a high HDI, but is
less central to the global economy
because of its small population and
peripheral location
 The HDIs of Australia and New Zealand
are comparable to other PEDs
 Shared cultural characteristics with Britain
 Exporters of food and resources to Britain,
and they are gaining increased ties with
Japan and other Asian countries
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South Pacific
Latin America
 East Asia
 Middle East
 Southeast Asia
 South Asia
 Sub-Saharan Africa
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Less Developed Regions
Latin America
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HDI = .80
Most speak Spanish or Portuguese and are
Roman Catholic
They are more likely to live in urban areas
than people in other developing regions
Overall development is hindered by
inequitable income distribution
Often, a handful of wealthy families
control much of the land and rent to
individual farmers
Latin American governments encourage
redistribution of lands, but do not want to
alienate the large property owners
Latin America
HDI = .76
 The economy of East Asia, and the world,
is being driven by China
 China – the world’s second largest
economy, accounts for 1/3 of the world’s
total economic growth
 China’s GDP per capita has risen faster
than any other country
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East Asia
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1949 – Communist beat the Nationalist, who
flee to Taiwan
Communist changes – government control of
land, assigning tasks, and distribution of food
Recent years – control has been loosened
One Child Policy – China has a lower NIR, and
is able to focus on raising the standard of
living
21st Century – manufacturing has increased
dramatically
With rising wealth, the largest population is
now the largest market for consumer goods
China cont…
The Middle East
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HDI = .68
Most is desert – products must be
imported
Major economic asset – the world’s
largest percentage of oil reserves
Enjoys a trade surplus
Many governments have access to plenty
of money
Middle East
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Three main reasons:
1. Lack of political freedom
2. Low education and literacy rates
3. Lack of opportunities for women
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The gap between petroleum rich
countries and those without causes
tension
Challenge = to promote development
without abandoning traditional cultural
elements of Islam, the religion of more
than 95% of the population
Despite Having Money, Why
the Low HDI in the Middle
East?
Iran – dominated by Shiite Muslims, has
encouraged revolutions elsewhere in the
region
 Most Middle Eastern states refuse to
recognize Israel
 Terrorism – very few endorse these acts
 Alternatives are sought to U.S. influenced
culture and development
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Tension in the Middle East
President Mahmoud
Ahmadindjad
Southeast Asia
HDI = .58
 Indonesia – SE Asia’s most populous
country, contains 13,667 islands
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◦ 2/3 of the population lives on Java
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Other populous countries – Vietnam,
Thailand, and the Philippines
Southeast Asia
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A half century of nearly continuous
warfare
Mountain ranges, active volcanoes, and
frequent typhoons
Development has been rapid in –
Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and the
Philippines due to cheap labor
Economic growth has slowed – funds for
development have been invested unwisely
or even stolen by corrupt officials
Southeast Asian countries have been
forced to reform to attract foreign
investors
Why SE Asia Has Limited
Development
South Asia
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HDI = .58
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
Nepal, and Bhutan
Has the world’s second highest population
and the second lowest per capita income
A beneficiary of the Green Revolution
Climate – monsoons are important!
South Asia
India has become the world’s fourth
largest economy
 The rate of growth is second only to China
 India is now a major manufacturer
 A major service provider (call centers)
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India cont….
Sub-Saharan Africa
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HDI = .51
Sub = under (submarine)
Sub–Saharan Africa is Africa South of the
Sahara
Population density is the lowest
Contains many resources
Wealth is comparable to other PINGs
Sub-Saharan Africa
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The world’s highest percentage of people
living in poverty and suffering from poor
health and low levels of education
Economic conditions have deteriorated in
recent years
Legacy of the colonial era
Many landlocked states
Political Issues
Boundaries drawn without regard to ethnic
groups…..the led to conflict
Fundamental problem for many states =
the capacity of the land to feed its
inhabitants
Why isn’t Sub-Saharan Africa
developed?