Transcript Development Gap

Industrial Regions
Western Europe HDI: 0.93
strong tradition of economic growth
and development.
 Relied on colonization for raw materials
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Industrial
Regions
United Kingdom
 Rhine-Ruhr Valley
 Mid-Rhine
 Northern Italy
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United Kingdom
Industrial Revolution originated within
the United Kingdom.
 majority of factories in UK survived
WWII
 Because of outdated factories of
production the UK has steadily been
losing its comparative advantage to
progressing nations.
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Rhine-Ruhr Valley
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Northwestern Germany, Belgium,
France, and the Netherlands
– large coal and iron reservoirs leading to a
massive steel, locomotive, machinery, and
armament industry
– Creation of a major port due to a river;
Rotterdam the largest port in Europe.
Northern Italy
region allowed for cheaper labor as
well as hydroelectric power
 Major textile region emerging at the end
of the 19th century and early 20th
century
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Eastern Europe HDI: 0.80
Distance Decay – the closer countries
are to W. Europe, the better their
economy
 Because of a slow transition Russia
has been declining gradually across
the years in HDI.
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Russian Industry
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Central Industrial district – oldest region located around Moscow.
Chosen for its central location and population center.
St. Petersburg Industrial district – major industry of shipbuilding
and sea trading
Volga Industrial district – large natural gas reservoirs with
resources created that can be sent down the Volga river.
Eastern Ukraine – large coal reserves and deposits of iron ore
make this region the largest producer of cheap steel in Eastern
Europe.
Silesia – Poland and Czech Republic industrial section because of
large coal deposits regardless of limited resource of iron ore.
Ural industrial district – mineral rich sector heavily industrialized
by the Russians. Remote access means energy resources must be
shipped to this sector.
Kuznetsk industrial district – large deposits of coal and iron
leading to major steel productions within the region. Largest
development East of the Ural Mountains.
Ecological Disaster
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Eastern Europe: High levels of
Sulfurous Oxide released from
industrial centers have led to regions of
dangerously high levels of Acid rain
and pollution
The Black Triangle
Region in Eastern Europe of severe
environmental damage due to overindustrialization
 pH measurements have been as low as
2.4 in this region (normal rain is 5.5)
 By product of the massive amount of
industrialization byproduct released
from industry within Germany.
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Black Triangle
Conflict between EU and CIS
CIS near constant state of economic
hardship due to the flagging Russian
economy
 Member states increasing interest in
leaving CIS to apply for membership in
the EU (ex. Georgia)
 Russia cannot afford to lose key
trading partners which is resulting in
strained relations within the CIS.
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Japan HDI: 0.94
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Initially exploited its
– high population and
– low cost of production to get a foothold in the
global economy.
In the middle of the 20th century it switched
to invest in education and specialized
training in order to have a highly specialized
workforce
 Investments in Japan focus on research and
development with enormous budgets in
these areas by both businesses and
government aid.
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European Model
Japan’s rapid industrial development
was fueled by its early colonialism in
Korea and Northern China (cheap
labor)
 With the aid of US foreign investment
coupled with preventionist policies for
private business, Japan was able to
recover from the destruction of World
War II.
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Japan Today
Japan has the 4th highest GDP at $5
trillion
 Japan is the leading producers of
automobiles within the world.
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South Pacific HDI: 0.87
Economies are traditionally tied to the
United Kingdom but have been increasing
involvement with Asian nations.
 Major exporter of food and resources but
limited in economic influence due to its
periphery location
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East Asia HDI: 0.76
Chinese Economy (3rd in the world in GDP,
1/3 total world economic growth)
 Low wages of Chinese workers has resulted
in lower international factory wages.
 China has an enormous demand on
resources causing most industrial centers to
be on the coast cutting cost of shipping
supplies inland.
 China - forgo environmental regulations as
well as expanding development within the
interior of the country.
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Southeast Asia HDI: 0.58
Climate does not allow for traditional
cultivation which has forced countries
to be exporters of industrial goods
 Initially achieved high levels of
development but due to corruption
within the government foreign
investment has decreased.
 The governments are now trying to
draw investment back to the state at
cost to its citizens
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South Asia HDI: 0.58
Has high level of mineral resources but
is hindered by its enormous population
 Produces a large supply of agricultural
goods that usually lead to surplus;
issues is these good are reliant on
seasonal rains.
 India is a booming service economy.
Telephone calling services have
become a large part of the economy.
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Middle East HDI: 0.68
only region in the world that enjoys
trade surplus due to increased oil
reserves
 struggles to balance economic
development with cultural/religious
beliefs
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Iran
Middle East cont.
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Alternative Human Development Index
– Helps to explain how the Middle East lags
in HDI
– Operates on three principles of the region
• Lack of Political Freedom
• Low levels of education and literacy rates
• Lack of opportunities for women
Anglo-America HDI: 0.94
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Anglo-America is highly developed and
endowed with uniform religion and language.
 This region contains large amounts of
mineral supplies as well as being
underdeveloped for Agriculture
 It provides much of the specialized labor in
the global community and has adapted from
a secondary economic system to a tertiary
economic system.
Canada
Canada is primarily a resource
exporting country
 There is limited manufacturing and
aside from Primary the economy is
largely focused in the Tertiary sector of
the economy
 Most of the industry that does exist
occurs close to the border with the
United States
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Canadian Shield
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This is one of the richest mineral
deposits in the world
VMS: volcanogenic
massive sulphide deposits
contain gold
Prophyry: contains
copper
SEDEX: source of lead,
zinc, barite
MVT: lead and zinc
IOCG: iron oxide,
copper, gold
United States
The development of United States
industry was delayed because of their
dependence on the United Kingdom
 By 1860 the United States was the
second largest industrial power in the
world behind the United Kingdom
 It was not until the later part of the 19th
Century that American industry started
to use the steel making process
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Latin America: HDI: 0.80
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Majority of the population is concentrated in
urban centers.
 Mexico is greatly aided in industrialization by
its proximity to the United States.
 The interior of South America remains
undeveloped and has been increasing in
deforestation for lumber and agriculture.
 Central America lags behind in development
because of an inequity in land distribution by
wealthy plantation owners.
Ecotourism
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1. Go to Eduweb web site, http://www.eduweb.com/amazon.html. This site is based on field
research
into indigenous ecotourism in the Ecuadorian Amazon. It is designed to illustrate some
basic
physical and human geography of the Amazon as well as the risks and benefits of
ecotourism
as a development strategy.
2. Follow the link Try it! under Ecotourism Simulation Game
3. Follow the directions to participate in the game. Make note of your decisions (and why
you
made them) as you play the game. You will need this information to complete this
assignment.
4. Answer the following questions:
How did your version of the game end?
Was ecotourism under your direction successful? Why or why not (your opinion)?
What decisions did you make concerning implementing ecotourism that you would now
change?
Would you do things differently if you had a chance? What may have caused you to change
your mind about some things?
Major Industrial Centers
The two largest countries in industry
are Brazil and Mexico
 These countries used protectionist
policies in order to prevent foreign
industries from interfering with
development
 Most of these companies are located as
close as possible to the major
population centers.
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The path to NAFTA
Because of protectionist policies the
companies in Latin America tended to
be highly inefficient
 When financial crisis hit during the
1970s these countries had to open up
for outside industries.
 For Mexico the only option was to work
directly with the United States
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North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA)
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This free trade agreement signed in 1994
opened the borders between the US, Canada,
and Mexico
 Without trade restrictions there was a sharp
increase in the amount of industrial jobs
relocating to Mexico
 Maquiladora – plants located along the USMexico border that are taking advantage of
cheap labor as well as proximity to the
market
Problems with NAFTA
Deindustrialization within the United
States
 With the United States’ enormous
agricultural production Mexican
farmers are unable to make a living
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Sub-Saharan Africa HDI: 0.51
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This is a heavily rich region in resources
Faces issues with its enormous percent of
population living in poverty.
Does not have the agricultural means to
support the largest growing population in the
world.
Faces internal issues due to previous
colonial status.
Lack ability to ship goods from the country.
HDI
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http://www.theglobaleducationproject.org/earth/human-conditions.php