Transcript Italy, Lead Partner of ESPON KIT. Knowledge, Innovation, Territory

KIT
Knowledge, Innovation and Territory
ESPON Workshop at the Open Days 2012
Creating Results informed by Territorial Evidence
10 October 2012
Bruxelles, Belgium
The project team
Lead Partner (LP): BEST, Politecnico di Milano, Italy:
Project Coordinator: Prof. Roberta Capello (Full Professor in Regional
Economics)
Project Manager: Camilla Lenzi (Assistant Professor)
Prof. Roberto Camagni (Full Professor in Urban Economics)
Dr. Andrea Caragliu (Post-Doc Fellow)
Project Partner 2 (PP2): CRENOs, University of Cagliari, Italy:
Prof. Raffaele Paci (Full Professor of Applied Economics)
Proff. Emanuela Marrocu and Stefano Usai (Associate Professors of
Econometrics and Economics)
Dr. Alessandra Colombelli (Post-Doc Fellow)
Dr. Marta Foddi (Research Assistant)
Project Partner 3 (PP3): AQR, University of Barcelona, Spain:
Prof. Rosina Moreno (Full Professor in Applied Economics)
Prof. Jordi Suriñach (Full Professor in Applied Economics)
Prof. Raúl Ramos (Associate Professor in Applied Economics)
Dr. Ernest Miguélez (Technical Researcher and PhD student)
The project team
Project Partner 4 (PP4): LSE, Great Britain:
Dr. Riccardo Crescenzi (Lecturer in Economic Geography)
Prof. Andrés Rodríguez-Pose (Professor in Economic Geography)
Prof. Michael Storper (Professor in Economic Geography)
Project Partner 5 (PP5): University of Economics in Bratislava, Slovakia:
Prof. Milan Buček (Full Professor in Regional Economics and Policy)
Dr. Miroslav Šipikal (Coordinator - Senior Lecturer)
Dr. Rudolf Pástor (Lecturer)
Project Partner 6 (PP6): University of Cardiff, Great Britain:
Prof. Phil Cooke (Full Research Professor in Regional Economic
Development)
Dr. Selyf Morgan (Researcher)
Julie Porter (Support Coordinator)
General goal of the KIT project
To contribute to the understanding of:
-
diffusion processes of knowledge and innovation and
the socio-economic impacts of innovation and
knowledge in space,
 in order to identify the best innovation policies to
foster a “smart Europe”.
Main ideas throughtout the project
-
R&D (and formal knowledge in general) does not
necessarily equal innovation;
-
Knowledge and innovation do not necessarily equal
regional growth.
 these linkages are strongly mediated by local
territorial assets.
Specific goals of the KIT project
A) Main spatial
trends of
innovation and
knowledge
B) Territorial
elements
explaining the
spatial trends
C) Impact of the
different modes
of innovation
and knowledge
on regional
performance
D) Case studies
E) Policy implications for the development of a successful
knowledge economy
Specific goals of the KIT project
A) Main spatial
trends of
innovation and
knowledge
B) Territorial
elements
explaining
spatial trends
C) Impact of the
different modes
of innovation
and knowledge
on regional
performance
D) Case studies
E) Policy implications for the development of a successful
knowledge economy
Definition of the Knowledge Economy
Basic idea: knowledge-based economy has not got a
unique interpretative paradigm.
Different approaches are necessary:
A1. Sectoral approach (presence in the region of
science-based, high-technology sectors).
A2. Functional approach (presence in the region of
functions like R&D, patents, human capital).
A3. Relation-based approach (presence in the region
of interactive and collective learning processes).
Technologically Advanced Regions in EU
Reykjavik
!
Canarias
Guadeloupe
Réunion
Martinique
Helsinki
!
Oslo
!
Guyane
Tallinn
!
Stockholm
!
Madeira
Riga
!
København
!
Dublin
!
Vilnius
!
Minsk
!
Acores
Amsterdam
!
London
!
Berlin
!
Warszawa
!
Kyiv
!
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
Praha
!
Luxembourg
!
Paris
!
Bratislava
Wien
!
!
Kishinev
!
Budapest
!
Vaduz
!
Bern
!
Ljubljana
!
Zagreb
!
Bucuresti
!
Beograd
!
Sarajevo
!
Sofiya
!
Podgorica
!
Madrid
!
Roma
!
Lisboa
!
Skopje
!
Ankara
!
Tirana
!
Athinai
!
El-Jazair
!
Nicosia
!
Tounis
!
Ar Ribat
!
Valletta
!
© Politecnico di Milano, Project KIT, 2011
0
250
500
km
Regional level: NUTS2
Source: Politecnico di Milano, 2011
Origin of data: EUROSTAT employment in high-tech sectors
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
Technologically-advanced regions
2007
NA
Low tech regions
Advanced manufacturing regions
Advanced services regions
Technologically-advanced regions
In 2007 technologically
advanced regions, hosting
both high-tech manufacturing
industries and KIS, are the
minority of regions. Moreover
a relatively high number of
regions are specialised in lowtech sectors.
Scientific regions
In 2007 scientific regions,
hosting both human capital
and research and activities
functions, are limited. What is
even more striking is the high
number of regions with no
specialisation in knowledge
activities.
Knowledge networking regions
Reykjavik
!
In 2007 there were quite a
number of networked regions,
both un-intentional (spatial)
and intentional (non necessary
spatial). Non-networked
regions are especially poor
and peripheral areas.
Canarias
!
Guadeloupe Martinique
!
Réunion
!
!
Helsinki
!
Tallinn
Oslo
!
!
Stockholm
Guyane
!
!
Riga
!
Madeira
!
København
Vilnius
!
!
Minsk
!
Dublin
!
Acores
Warszawa
Berlin
Amsterdam
!
!
!
!
London
Kyiv
!
!
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
Praha
!
Luxembourg
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
!
Paris
!
Kishinev
Wien !
!
!
Budapest
!
Bern
!
Vaduz
!
!
Zagreb
Bucuresti
!
Beograd
!
!
Sarajevo
!
Sofiya
!
Podgorica
!
Roma
Skopje
Ankara
!
!
Tirana
!
Madrid
!
!
Lisboa
!
Athinai
!
Nicosia
!
El-Jazair
Tounis
!
!
!
Valletta
0
262,5
© Project KIT, 2011
525
km
Regional level: NUTS 2
Source: AQR elaboration, 2011
Origin of data: OECD REGPAT Database, Cordis,
EUROSTAT, ISTAT and Institute National de la
Statistique et des Études Économiques data
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
Category
Meaning
1
Non-interactive regions
No
2
Clustering regions
Yes
No
3
Globalizing regions
No
Yes
4
Networking regions
Yes
Yes
Knowledge networking regions
Non-interactive regions
Clustering regions
Globalizing regions
Networking regions
Specialization in spatial linkages Specialization in a-spatial linkages
No
External sources of knowledge
acquisitions are diffused all
over Europe.
Knowledge Economy in Europe
Reykjavik
!
Canarias
Guadeloupe
Réunion
Martinique
Helsinki
!
Oslo
!
The Knowledge Economy in
Europe is a very fragmented
picture.
Guyane
Tallinn
!
Stockholm
!
Madeira
Riga
!
København
!
Dublin
!
Vilnius
!
Minsk
!
Acores
Amsterdam
!
London
!
Berlin
!
Warszawa
!
Kyiv
!
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
Praha
!
Luxembourg
!
Paris
!
Bratislava
Wien
!
!
Kishinev
!
Budapest
!
Vaduz
!
Bern
!
Ljubljana
!
Zagreb
!
Bucuresti
!
Beograd
!
Sarajevo
!
Sofiya
!
Podgorica
!
Madrid
!
Roma
!
Lisboa
!
Skopje
!
Ankara
!
Tirana
!
Athinai
!
El-Jazair
!
Nicosia
!
Tounis
!
Ar Ribat
!
Valletta
!
© Politecnico di Milano, Project KIT, 2011
Technologically-advanced regions
Knowledge economy regions
NA
None
TAR only
Scientific regions only
Networking regions only
TAR and scientific regions
TAR and networking regions
Scientific and networking regions
Integrated knowledge economy regions
0
250
500
km
Regional level: NUTS2
Source: Politecnico di Milano, 2011
Origin of data: EUROSTATand RegPat
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
Typology
Numerosity
TAR only
9
Scientific only
11
Networking only
43
TAR and scientific
3
TAR and networking
19
Scientific and networking
29
TAR, scientific and networking
31
None
135
What is striking from this map
is the high number of regions
in which the knowledge
economy is still in its infancy.
Spatial trends of innovation in Europe
Innovation
• product innovation;
• process innovation;
• product and/or process innovation;
• marketing and/or organisational innovation
• environmental innovation
• social innovation
Source: Regionalised data from national CIS/
EUROSTAT source
Spatial trends of innovation in Europe
Product innovation only
Process innovation only
Reykjavik
!
Reykjavik
!
Canarias
Guadeloupe
Canarias
Réunion
Martinique
Guadeloupe
Helsinki
!
Oslo
!
Helsinki
!
Guyane
Oslo
!
Tallinn
!
Stockholm
!
Guyane
Tallinn
!
Stockholm
!
Madeira
Madeira
Riga
!
Riga
!
København
!
København
!
Dublin
!
Dublin
!
Vilnius
!
Vilnius
!
Minsk
!
Minsk
!
Acores
Amsterdam
!
London
!
Berlin
!
Warszawa
!
Kyiv
!
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
Acores
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
Amsterdam
!
London
!
Berlin
!
Warszawa
!
Kyiv
!
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
Praha
!
Luxembourg
!
Paris
!
WienBratislava
!
!
Bratislava
Wien
!
!
Kishinev
!
Budapest
!
Vaduz
!
Bern
!
Kishinev
!
Budapest
!
Vaduz
!
Bern
!
Ljubljana
!
Zagreb
!
Ljubljana
!
Zagreb
!
Bucuresti
!
Beograd
!
Sarajevo
!
Sofiya
!
Podgorica
!
Madrid
!
Roma
!
Lisboa
!
Sofiya
!
Skopje
!
Podgorica
!
Madrid
!
Roma
!
Lisboa
!
Ankara
!
Tirana
!
Athinai
!
NA
0 - 3.26
3.27 - 5.92
5.93 - 9.12
9.13 - 12.80
12.81 - 17.30
17.31 - 23.43
23.44 - 33.45
33.46 - 44.42
Switzerland: share of product innovation.
Iceland: CIS3 data.
Latvia and Slovenija: CIS 2006 data.
Nicosia
!
Tounis
!
Ar Ribat
!
Valletta
Share of product innovation only
Ankara
!
El-Jazair
!
Nicosia
!
Tounis
!
!
Skopje
!
Tirana
!
Athinai
!
El-Jazair
!
© Politecnico di Milano, Project KIT, 2011
Bucuresti
!
Beograd
!
Sarajevo
!
KIT estimates
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
Praha
!
Luxembourg
!
Paris
!
Ar Ribat
!
Réunion
Martinique
Valletta
0
250
!
500
km
Regional level: NUTS2
Source: Politecnico di Milano, 2011
Origin of data: Community Innovation Survey 2004
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
© Politecnico di Milano, Project KIT, 2011
KIT estimates
Share of process innovation only
NA
0 - 5.40
5.41 - 8.09
8.10 - 10.09
10.10 - 12.32
12.33 - 14.71
14.72 - 18.01
18.02 - 25.92
25.93 - 55.08
Switzerland: share of process innovation.
Iceland: CIS3 data.
Latvia and Slovenija: CIS 2006 data.
0
250
500
km
Regional level: NUTS2
Source: Politecnico di Milano, 2011
Origin of data: Community Innovation Survey 2004
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
Spatial trends of innovation in Europe
Product and/or process innovation Marketing and organizational innov.
Reykjavik
!
Canarias
Guadeloupe
Réunion
Martinique
Helsinki
!
Oslo
!
Guyane
Tallinn
!
Stockholm
!
Madeira
Riga
!
København
!
Dublin
!
Vilnius
!
Minsk
!
Acores
Amsterdam
!
London
!
Berlin
!
Warszawa
!
Kyiv
!
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
Praha
!
Luxembourg
!
Paris
!
Bratislava
Wien
!
!
Kishinev
!
Budapest
!
Vaduz
!
Bern
!
Ljubljana
!
Zagreb
!
Bucuresti
!
Beograd
!
Sarajevo
!
Sofiya
!
Podgorica
!
Madrid
!
Roma
!
Lisboa
!
Skopje
!
Ankara
!
Tirana
!
Athinai
!
El-Jazair
!
Nicosia
!
Tounis
!
Ar Ribat
!
Valletta
!
© Politecnico di Milano, Project KIT, 2011
KIT estimates
Share of marketing and organizational innovation
NA
0 - 9.05
9.06 - 15.24
15.25 - 19.81
19.82 - 23.53
23.54 - 29.56
29.57 - 37.50
37.51 - 48.05
48.06 - 78.36
Switzerland: share of product and process innovation.
Iceland: CIS3 data.
Latvia and Slovenija: CIS 2006 data.
Sweden: CIS 2008 data.
0
250
500
km
Regional level: NUTS2
Source: Politecnico di Milano, 2011
Origin of data: Community Innovation Survey 2004
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
Share of innovation by type of knowledge-economy regions
Typologies
Share of product
innovation
Share of process Share of product and/or
innovation
process innovation
Share of marketing and
organizational innovation
TAR
17.42
13.76
43.66
32.75
Scientific
18.16
13.48
43.71
29.51
Networking
16.19
13.20
44.24
31.95
6.34
9.88
27.40
20.58
Other
R&D expenditures on GDP and innovation
R&D expenditure / GDP
Share of innovating firms
R&D expenditures on GDP (average 2006-07)
In 2007 33 regions had
achieved 3% of R&D
expenditures on GDP (11% of
NUTS2, representing 16% of
EU GDP) and concentrated in
a few countries in the North of
Europe. Moreover, a very high
number of regions belong to
the lowest class, with R&D on
GDP lower than 0.5%
(representing 5% of GDP).
Do we really take advantage
from an innovation policy
with a common aim for all
countries/regions?
Patenting activity: comparison with China and India
… and USA
The spatial concentration of
R&D in order to exploit
economies of scale seems to
be the model followed by
emerging countries, relaunching in a decisive way the
debate of the importance of the
identification of an European
Research Area.
Results ad questions from the descriptive analysis
Results:
Only a few regions have achieved the 3% of R&D/GDP,
and most are below 0.5%.
Only a few regions show a pattern of innovation that goes
from R&D to innovation.
Questions:
How do regions innovate without R&D?
Which are the territorial preconditions in order for regions
to move from knowledge to innovation and to growth?
Specific goals
A) Main spatial
trends of
innovation and
knowledge
B) Territorial
elements
explaining
spatial trends
C) Impact of the
different modes
of innovation
and knowledge
on regional
performance
D) Case studies
E) Policy implications for the development of a successful
knowledge economy
Territorial patterns of innovation
A territorial pattern of innovation is a combination of
context conditions and of specific modes of
performing the different phases of the innovation
process.
Context conditions:
Internal generation
External attraction
of knowledge and innovation
Different phases of the innovation process:
- from information to knowledge
- from knowledge to innovation
- from innovation to regional performance
An endogenous innovation pattern
Phases
Territorial preconditions
for knowledge creation
Knowledge output
Region j
Basic knowledge
Education,
human capital,
accessibility,
urban
externalities
(General Purpose
Technologies, GPTs)
Specific,applied
applied
Specific,
knowledge
knowledge
Region i
Territorial
receptivity
Territorial
receptivity
Cross-regional
Territorial preconditions for
innovation
Innovation
Economic
efficiency
1) A European science-based area:
basic general purpose technologies
2) An applied science area:
high patent activities in diversified
applied technology fields
cognitive proximity
relational capacity
Collective learning
Basic knowledge
Education,
human capital,
accessibility,
urban
externalities
(General Purpose
Technologies, GPTs)
Specific, applied
knowledge
Entrepreneurship
Product
and
process
innovatio
n
Economic
efficiency
A creative application pattern
Phases
Territorial preconditions
for knowledge creation
Knowledge output
Region j
Education,
human capital,
accessibility,
urban
externalities
Basic knowledge
(General Purpose
Technologies, GPTs)
Territorial preconditions for
innovation
Innovation
Economic
efficiency
3) A smart technological application area
External specific technologies enhancing
the upgrading of local innovation
Specific and applied
knowledge
Territorial creativity
4) Smart and creative
diversification area
External tacit knowledge
enhacing local innovation
Region i
Collective learning
Product
and
process
innovation
Specific and
applied knowledge
Capabilities
Entrepreneurship
Economic
efficiency
An imitative innovation pattern
Phases
Territorial preconditions
knowledge creation
for
Knowledge output
Territorial preconditions for innovation
Innovation
Economic efficiency
Region j
Education,
human capital,
accessibility,
urban
externalities
Basic knowledge
(General Purpose
Technologies, GPTs)
Specific and applied
knowledge
Collective learning
Product
and
process
innovatio
n
Entrepreneurship
Region i
Territorial
attractiveness:
FDIs
Product
and
process
innovatio
n
5) An imitative innovation area
Innovation imitation through
territorial attractiveness
Economic
efficiency
Territorial patterns of innovation
Territorial patterns of innovation in Europe
Pattern 1= European research area
Reykjavik
!
Pattern 2 = Knowledge diversification area
Canarias
Guadeloupe
Legend
Réunion
Martinique
Pattern 3 = Smart specialization area
Helsinki
!
Guyane
Oslo
!
Tallinn
!
Stockholm
!
Madeira
Riga
Pattern 4 = Smart upgrading diversification
area
!
København
!
Dublin
Vilnius
!
!
Minsk
!
Acores
Amsterdam
Berlin
!
London
Warszawa
!
!
!
Kyiv
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
!
Praha
Luxembourg
!
!
Paris
!
Pattern 5 = Creative imitation area
WienBratislava
!
Bern
!
Kishinev
Budapest
Vaduz
!
!
!
!
Ljubljana
!
Zagreb
!
Bucuresti
Beograd
!
!
Sarajevo
!
Sofiya
!
Podgorica
!
Madrid
Skopje
!
Roma
!
Lisboa
!
Ankara
Tirana
!
!
!
Athinai
!
El-Jazair
!
Nicosia
Tounis
!
!
Ar Ribat
!
!
Valletta
© BEST - Politecnico di Milano, Project KIT, 2011
Regional level: NUTS2
Source: BEST - Politecnico di Milano, 2011
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
Legend
Creative imitation area
Smart upgrading diversification area
Smart specialization area
Knowledge diversification area
European research area
0
250
500
km
Specific goals
A) Main spatial
trends of
innovation and
knowledge
B) Territorial
elements
explaining
spatial trends
C) Impact of the
different modes
of innovation
and knowledge
on regional
performance
D) Case studies
E) Policy implications for the development of a successful
knowledge economy
Selected questions to be answered
Migration of inventors
Research collaborations
3.2
Productivity
growth
4.3
Knowledge output
Knowledge input
(R&D)
Innovation
4.4
4.1
GDP growth
3.1
4.2
Employment
growth
3.3
What is the return of R&D expenditure to knowledge production?
Elasticity of knowledge production to R&D
Map: Elasticity of knowledge
production to R&D
Reykjavik
!
Canarias
Guadeloupe
Réunion
Martinique
Helsinki
!
The return of R&D
expenditure to knowledge
production increases by
increasing R&D
expenditure up to a certain
level, then it starts
decreasing.
Guyane
Oslo
!
Tallinn
!
Stockholm
!
Madeira
Riga
!
København
!
Dublin
Vilnius
!
!
Minsk
!
Acores
Amsterdam
Berlin
!
London
Warszawa
!
!
!
Kyiv
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
!
Praha
Luxembourg
!
!
Paris
!
WienBratislava
!
Bern
!
Kishinev
Budapest
Vaduz
!
!
!
!
Ljubljana
!
Zagreb
!
Bucuresti
Beograd
!
!
Sarajevo
!
Sofiya
!
Podgorica
!
Madrid
Skopje
!
Roma
!
Lisboa
!
Ankara
Tirana
!
!
!
Athinai
!
El-Jazair
!
Nicosia
Tounis
!
!
Ar Ribat
!
!
Valletta
© CRENoS, Project KIT, 2011
Regional level: NUTS2
Source: CRENoS, 2011
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
Legend
Creative imitation area = 0,36
European research area = 0,414
Knowledge diversification area = 0,423
Smart upgrading diversification area = 0,469
Smart specialization area = 0,476
0
250
500
km
Elasticity of knowledge production to R&D:
an international comparison
Elasticity of knowledge production to R&D:
(all coefficients are statistically significant)
EUROPE
0.430
USA
CHINA
0.041
1.303
0.995
INDIA
Knowledge
Production
Do knowledge spillovers play a role in producing internal knowledge?
Map: Elasticity of knowledge
production to inventors mobility
Map: Elasticity of knowledge
production to research networks
Reykjavik
Reykjavik
!
!
!
Canarias
Canarias
!
!
!
Guadeloupe Martinique
!
!
Guadeloupe Martinique
!
!
Réunion
Réunion
Helsinki
!
Helsinki
!
!
Tallinn
Oslo
Tallinn
Oslo
!
!
!
!
Stockholm
!
Stockholm
Guyane
!
Guyane
!
Riga
!
Riga
Madeira
!
!
!
Madeira
København
København
!
!
Vilnius
!
Vilnius
!
Minsk
!
Minsk
Dublin
!
!
Dublin
!
Acores
!
!
!
Kyiv
!
!
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
Praha
Luxembourg
!
!
!
!
!
London
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
Warszawa
Berlin
Amsterdam
!
Warszawa
Berlin
Amsterdam
London
Kyiv
!
!
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
Praha
Luxembourg
!
!
!
!
!
Wien !
Kishinev
Wien !
!
!
Kishinev
!
Budapest
!
Budapest
!
!
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
Paris
!
Paris
Bern
Acores
Bern
Vaduz
!
Vaduz
!
!
!
!
Zagreb
Zagreb
Beograd
Bucuresti
!
Beograd
Bucuresti
!
!
!
!
!
Sarajevo
!
Sarajevo
Sofiya
!
!
Sofiya
Podgorica
!
Podgorica
!
Roma
Ankara
!
Roma
!
Skopje
Ankara
!
!
Tirana
!
Madrid
Tirana
!
Madrid
!
Skopje
!
!
!
Lisboa
!
!
Lisboa
!
Athinai
!
Athinai
!
Nicosia
!
Nicosia
!
El-Jazair
El-Jazair
!
!
Tounis
!
Tounis
Valletta
!
!
Valletta
!
0
0
© KIT Project, 2011
280
560
© KIT Project, 2011
km
No impact
Very low elasticity
Low elasticity
Medium elasticity
High elasticity
560
km
Regional level: NUTS 2
Source: AQR elaboration, 2011
Origin of data: EUROSTAT and OECD REGPAT
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
Regional level: NUTS 2
Source: AQR elaboration, 2011
Origin of data: EUROSTAT and OECD REGPAT
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
Mobility impact on knowledge
280
Connectivity impact on knowledge
No impact
Very low elasticity
Low elasticity
Medium elasticity
High elasticity
Does formal knowledge create innovation?
Patents
0.05
Innovation
Patents in:
European Research Area
Knowledge
Diversification Area
0.16
Smart Specialization Area
0.03
Smart Upgrading
-0.04
Diversification Area
-0.05
Creative Imitation Area
0.01
Innovation
Does R&D expenditure generate increases in GDP growth rates?
R&D
GDP growth rate
0.05
R&D in:
European Research Area
Knowledge
Diversification Area
0.0023*
0.0013*
Smart Specialization Area
0.0009
Smart Upgrading
0.0006
Diversification Area
Creative Imitation Area
* Significant at conventional level
-0.0016
GDP growth rate
Does innovation generate increases in GDP growth rates?
Elasticity of GDP growth to innovation
Reykjavik
!
Canarias
Guadeloupe
Réunion
Martinique
Yes, but if innovation
achieves a critical mass!
Helsinki
!
Guyane
Oslo
!
Tallinn
!
Stockholm
!
Madeira
Riga
!
København
!
Dublin
Vilnius
!
!
Minsk
!
Acores
Amsterdam
Berlin
!
London
Warszawa
!
!
!
Kyiv
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
Imitative innovation
generates lower GDP growth
rates than new innovation
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
!
Praha
Luxembourg
!
!
Paris
!
WienBratislava
!
Bern
!
Kishinev
Budapest
Vaduz
!
!
!
!
Ljubljana
!
Zagreb
!
Bucuresti
Beograd
!
!
Sarajevo
!
Sofiya
!
Podgorica
!
Madrid
Skopje
!
Roma
!
Lisboa
!
Ankara
Tirana
!
!
!
Athinai
!
El-Jazair
!
Nicosia
Tounis
!
!
Ar Ribat
!
!
Valletta
© BEST - Politecnico di Milano, Project KIT, 2011
Legend
< 0,10
0,11 - 0,20
0,21 - 0,30
0,31 - 0,40
0,41 - 0,50
> 0,5
Regional level: NUTS2
Source: BEST - Politecnico di Milano, 2011
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
0
250
500
km
Specific goals of the KIT project
A) Main spatial
trends of
innovation and
knowledge
B) Territorial
elements
explaining the
spatial trends
C) Impact of the
different modes
of innovation
and knowledge
on regional
performance
D) Case studies
E) Policy implications for the development of a successful
knowledge economy
‘Smart innovation’ policies: definition
‘Smart innovation’ policies may be defined as:
those policies able to increase the innovation capability
of an area by boosting effectiveness of accumulated
knowledge, fostering new applications and
diversification, enlarging and deepening the local
knowledge base, starting from local specificities and
the established innovation patterns in each region.
‘Smart innovation’ policies: goals, actions and styles
Smart innovation policies adapt the two policy actions
of the S3 – embeddedness and connectedness – to
each Territorial Pattern of Innovation, differentiating for
each pattern the policy goals to be achieved, and
highlighting crucial policy styles to be adopted for their
implementation.
‘Smart innovation’ policies: policy goals
Territorial patterns of innovation
Policy aspects
Policy goals
European
science-based
area
(Pattern 1)
Applied
science area
(Pattern 2)
Maximum return to R&D
investments
Smart
technological
application
area
(Pattern 3)
Smart and
creative
Imitative
diversification innovation area
area
(Pattern 5)
(Pattern 4)
Maximum return to applications
and co-operation in applications
Maximum
return to
imitation and
diffusion
Smart innovation policies: policy actions
Territorial patterns of innovation
Smart
Smart and
European
Applied
technological
creative
Imitative
science-based
Policy aspects
science area
application
diversification innovation area
area
(Pattern 2)
area
area
(Pattern 5)
(Pattern 1)
(Pattern 3)
(Pattern 4)
Policy actions
Support to R&D following local
Incentives:
Fast diffusion
for local
specificities
of existing
to
technological
upgrading
and
innovation
knowledge
local
networks
(pattern
3)
generation
- GPTs (pattern 1)
(Embeddedness)
- to local creativity and
- Specialized techn. (pattern
identification of int.al best
2)
practices (pattern 4)
Policy actions
Incentives to inventors attraction
Incentives for creative
Incentives for
for exploitation of
and mobility according to local
applications through:
MNCs
specificities
knowledge
attraction and
co-operative research activities
spillovers
embeddedness
among related sectors (pattern 3)
Support of research cooperation
(Connectedness)
in the local area
according to local specificities
attraction of “star” researchers
even for short periods (pattern 4)
Evolutionary smart innovation policies
-
Some regions could be able to ‘jump’ over different and
more complex innovation patterns (empirical evidence
collected);
-
‘evolutionary’ policies could support these paths, with
extreme attention and careful assessments, provided
that context conditions and reliability of actors and
strategies/projects could reduce risks of failure.
Thank you very much
for your attention!