Transcript Diapositiva 1

KIT
Knowledge, Innovation and Territory
ESPON 2013 Programme
European Territorial Evidence for
EU Cohesion Policy and Programming
13-14 June 2012
Aalborg, Denmark
The project team
Lead Partner (LP): BEST, Politecnico di Milano, Italy:
Project Coordinator: Prof. Roberta Capello (Full Professor in Regional
Economics)
Project Manager: Camilla Lenzi (Assistant Professor)
Prof. Roberto Camagni (Full Professor in Urban Economics)
Dr. Andrea Caragliu (Post-Doc Fellow)
Project Partner 2 (PP2): CRENOs, University of Cagliari, Italy:
Prof. Raffaele Paci (Full Professor of Applied Economics)
Proff. Emanuela Marrocu and Stefano Usai (Associate Professors of
Econometrics and Economics)
Dr. Alessandra Colombelli (Post-Doc Fellow)
Dr. Marta Foddi (Research Assistant)
Project Partner 3 (PP3): AQR, University of Barcelona, Spain:
Prof. Rosina Moreno (Full Professor in Applied Economics)
Prof. Jordi Suriñach (Full Professor in Applied Economics)
Prof. Raúl Ramos (Associate Professor in Applied Economics)
Dr. Ernest Miguélez (Technical Researcher and PhD student)
The project team
Project Partner 4 (PP4): LSE, Great Britain:
Dr. Riccardo Crescenzi (Lecturer in Economic Geography)
Prof. Andrés Rodríguez-Pose (Professor in Economic Geography)
Prof. Michael Storper (Professor in Economic Geography)
Project Partner 5 (PP5): University of Economics in Bratislava, Slovakia:
Prof. Milan Buček (Full Professor in Regional Economics and Policy)
Dr. Miroslav Šipikal (Coordinator - Senior Lecturer)
Dr. Rudolf Pástor (Lecturer)
Project Partner 6 (PP6): University of Cardiff, Great Britain:
Prof. Phil Cooke (Full Research Professor in Regional Economic
Development)
Dr. Selyf Morgan (Researcher)
Julie Porter (Support Coordinator)
General goal of the KIT project (1)
The KIT project has the general aim to help – on the basis
of sound scientific research – the setting up of strategies
on innovation that are consistent with the overall reforms
of EU Cohesion Policy.
The KIT project provides suggestions for implementing
smart specialization policies in the field of innovation called for by the EU in its official document Regional
Policy Contributing to Smart Growth in Europe (EU,
2010) - and to launch a territorial strategy to achieve a
“smart growth” in the years to come.
General goal of the KIT project (2)
The KIT project is at the heart of an important policy debate.
ERDF Reform 2009 2012
DG-Regio and ESPON
2006-2013
DG Research - 2009
Europe 2020 - 2010
Barca Report
KIT Project ‘Regional
Patterns of Innovation’
‘Smart Specialization’
in R&D policies
2009
2011-12
Smart Growth pillar
‘Innovation Europe’
Flagship Initiative
Smart Innovation Policies
General goal of the KIT project (3)
The achievement of such a goal requires greater
understanding of:
- diffusion processes of knowledge and innovation;
- the identification of the pathways towards innovation
and modernization;
- the socio-economic impacts of innovation and
knowledge in space.
Main result:
 the geography of innovation is much more complex than
a simple core-periphery model.
 The identification of regional specificities in innovation
patterns is essential to build targeted normative
strategies efficient for a cohesion policy goal.
Main ideas throughtout the project
-
R&D (and formal knowledge in general) does not
necessarily equate innovation;
-
innovation does not necessarily equate regional
growth.
 these linkages are strongly mediated by local
territorial assets.
Specific goals of the KIT project
A) Main spatial
trends of
innovation and
knowledge
B) Identification
of the regional
pathways
towards
innovation and
modernization
and their
territorial
elements
C) Impact of the
different modes
of innovation
and knowledge
on regional
performance
D) Case studies
E) Policy implications for the development of a successful
knowledge economy
Specific goals of the KIT project
A) Main spatial
trends of
innovation and
knowledge
B) Identification
of the regional
pathways
towards
innovation and
modernization
and their
territorial
elements
C) Impact of the
different modes
of innovation
and knowledge
on regional
performance
D) Case studies
E) Policy implications for the development of a successful
knowledge economy
Definition of the Knowledge Economy
Basic idea: knowledge-based economy has not got a
unique interpretative paradigm.
Different approaches are necessary:
A1. Sectoral approach (presence in the region of
science-based, high-technology sectors).
A2. Functional approach (presence in the region of
functions like R&D, patents, human capital).
A3. Relation-based approach (presence in the region
of interactive and collective learning processes).
The Knowledge Economy in Europe
The knowledge economy in Europe
The Knowledge Economy in
Europe is a very fragmented
picture.
Reykjavik
!
Canarias
!
Guadeloupe
!
Martinique
Réunion
!
!
Helsinki
!
Tallinn
Oslo
!
!
Stockholm
Guyane
!
!
What is striking from this map
is the high number of regions
in which the knowledge
economy is still in its infancy.
Riga
!
Madeira
!
København
Vilnius
!
!
Minsk
!
Dublin
!
Acores
!
Warszawa
Berlin
Amsterdam
!
!
!
Kyiv
!
London
!
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
Praha
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
!
Luxembourg
!
Paris
!
Kishinev
WienBratislava
!
!
Budapest
!
!
Bern
!
Vaduz
!
Ljubljana
Zagreb
!
Bucuresti
!
!
Beograd
!
Sarajevo
!
Sofiya
!
Podgorica
!
Skopje
Ankara
!
Roma
!
Tirana
!
!
Madrid
!
Lisboa
!
Athina
!
Nicosia
!
El-Jazair
!
Tounis
!
Valletta
!
0
© Politecnico di Milano, ESPON KIT Project, 2012
260
520
km
Regional level: NUTS2
Source: Own elaboration, 2011
Origin of data: EUROSTAT and REGPAT, 2007
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
Legend
No data
None (137 regions)
TAR only (8 regions)
Scientific regions only (11 regions)
Networking regions only (43 regions)
TAR and scientific regions (3 regions)
TAR and networking regions (20 regions)
Scientific and networking regions (29 regions)
TAR, scientific and networking regions (31 regions)
Spatial trends of innovation in Europe
Innovation
• product innovation;
• process innovation;
• product and/or process innovation;
• marketing and/or organisational innovation
• environmental innovation
• social innovation
Source: CIS/EUROSTAT
Spatial trends of innovation in Europe
Product
innovation
only
Share of firms introducing
product innovation
only
Process
innovation
Share of firms introducing
process innovation only
only
Reykjavik
Reykjavik
!
!
Canarias
Canarias
!
!
Guadeloupe
!
Martinique
Guadeloupe
Réunion
!
!
!
!
!
Tallinn
Tallinn
Oslo
!
!
Réunion
!
Helsinki
Helsinki
Oslo
Martinique
!
!
!
Stockholm
Stockholm
Guyane
!
Guyane
!
!
!
Riga
Riga
!
!
Madeira
Madeira
!
!
København
København
Vilnius
!
Vilnius
!
!
!
Minsk
Minsk
!
!
Dublin
Dublin
!
!
Acores
Acores
!
Warszawa
!
Warszawa
Berlin
Amsterdam
Kyiv
!
!
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
Praha
!
!
!
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
Kyiv
!
London
!
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
Praha
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
!
Luxembourg
!
Luxembourg
Berlin
Amsterdam
!
!
!
London
!
!
Paris
Paris
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Bern
Kishinev
WienBratislava
!
!
Budapest
Kishinev
WienBratislava
!
!
Budapest
Bern
Vaduz
!
!
Vaduz
!
Ljubljana
Zagreb
!
Ljubljana
Zagreb
!
Bucuresti
!
Bucuresti
!
!
Beograd
!
Beograd
!
!
Sarajevo
Sarajevo
!
!
Sofiya
Sofiya
!
!
Podgorica
!
Podgorica
Skopje
!
Ankara
!
Roma
!
Roma
Ankara
!
Tirana
!
!
Madrid
!
Madrid
Skopje
!
!
Tirana
!
!
Lisboa
Lisboa
!
!
Athina
Athina
!
!
Nicosia
Nicosia
!
!
El-Jazair
!
El-Jazair
!
Tounis
Tounis
!
!
Valletta
Valletta
!
!
0
© Politecnico di Milano, ESPON KIT Project, 2012
260
520
0
Regional level: NUTS2
Source: Own elaboration, 2011
Origin of data: EUROSTAT - Community Innovation Survey, 2002-2004
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
Legend
5.41 - 8.09
3.27 - 5.92
8.10 - 10.09
5.93 - 9.12
10.10 - 12.32
9.13 -12.80
12.33 - 14.71
12.81 - 17.30
23.44 - 33.45
> 33.45
Legend
< 5.40
< 3.26
Switzerland: share of firms introducing product innovation
Iceland: CIS3 data
Latvia and Slovenija: CIS2006 data
260
520
km
Regional level: NUTS2
Source: Own elaboration, 2011
Origin of data: EUROSTAT - Community Innovation Survey, 2002-2004
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
No data
No data
17.31 - 23.43
© Politecnico di Milano, ESPON KIT Project, 2012
km
14.72 - 18.01
18.02 - 25.92
25.93 - 55.08
Switzerland: share of firms introducing process innovation
Iceland: CIS3 data
Latvia and Slovenija: CIS2006 data
Share of innovation by type of knowledge-economy regions
Product
innovation
Process
innovation
Product
and/or
process
innovation
Marketing Household
and/or
propensity
organization
to adopt
al innovation innovation
TAR
17,42
13,76
43,66
32,75
57
0,007
Scientific
18,16
13,48
43,71
29,51
62
0,007
Networking
16,19
13,2
44,24
31,95
57
0,007
Other
6,34
9,88
27,4
20,58
41
0,003
Environment
al innovation
R&D expenditures on GDP and innovation
R&D expenditure / GDP
Share of firms introducing product
and/or process innovation
Reykjavik
!
Canarias
Guadeloupe
Réunion
Martinique
Helsinki
!
Oslo
!
Guyane
Tallinn
!
Stockholm
!
Madeira
Riga
!
København
!
Dublin
!
Vilnius
!
Minsk
!
Acores
Amsterdam
!
London
!
Berlin
!
Warszawa
!
Kyiv
!
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
Praha
!
Luxembourg
!
Paris
!
Bratislava
Wien
!
!
Kishinev
!
Budapest
!
Vaduz
!
Bern
!
Ljubljana
!
Zagreb
!
Bucuresti
!
Beograd
!
Sarajevo
!
Sofiya
!
Podgorica
!
Madrid
!
Roma
!
Lisboa
!
Skopje
!
Ankara
!
Tirana
!
Athinai
!
El-Jazair
!
Nicosia
!
Tounis
!
Ar Ribat
!
Valletta
!
© Politecnico di Milano, Project KIT, 2011
KIT estimates
Share of both product and process innovation
NA
0 - 7.79
7.80 - 10.24
10.25 - 13.15
13.16 - 16.69
16.70 - 21.37
21.38 - 28.34
28.35 - 42.63
42.64 - 98.82
Switzerland: share of product and process innovation.
Iceland: CIS3 data.
Latvia and Slovenija: CIS 2006 data.
0
250
500
km
Regional level: NUTS2
Source: Politecnico di Milano, 2011
Origin of data: Community Innovation Survey 2004
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
R&D expenditures on GDP (average 2006-07)
In 2007 33 regions had
achieved 3% of R&D
expenditures on GDP (11% of
NUTS2, representing 16% of
EU GDP) and concentrated in
a few countries in the North of
Europe. Moreover, a very high
number of regions belong to
the lowest class, with R&D on
GDP lower than 0.5%
(representing 5% of GDP).
Do we really take advantage
from an innovation policy
with a common aim for all
countries/regions?
Patenting activity: comparison with China and India
… and USA
The spatial concentration of
R&D in order to exploit
economies of scale seems to
be the model followed by
emerging countries, relaunching in a decisive way the
debate of the importance of the
identification of a European
Research Area.
Results and questions from the descriptive analysis
Results:
Only a few regions have achieved the 3% of R&D/GDP,
and most are below 0.5%.
Only a few regions show a pattern of innovation that goes
from R&D to innovation.
Questions:
How do regions innovate without R&D?
Which are the territorial preconditions in order for regions
to move from knowledge to innovation and to growth?
Specific goals
A) Main spatial
trends of
innovation and
knowledge
B) Identification
of the regional
pathways
towards
innovation and
modernization
and their
territorial
elements
C) Impact of the
different modes
of innovation
and knowledge
on regional
performance
D) Case studies
E) Policy implications for the development of a successful
knowledge economy
Territorial patterns of innovation
A territorial pattern of innovation is a combination of
context conditions and of specific modes of
performing the different phases of the innovation
process.
Context conditions:
Internal generation
External attraction
of knowledge and innovation
Different phases of the innovation process:
- from knowledge to innovation
- from innovation to regional performance
An endogenous innovation pattern
Phases
Territorial preconditions
for knowledge creation
Knowledge output
Region j
Basic knowledge
Education,
human capital,
accessibility,
urban
externalities
(General Purpose
Technologies, GPTs)
Specific,applied
applied
Specific,
knowledge
knowledge
Region i
Territorial
receptivity
Territorial
receptivity
Cross-regional
Territorial preconditions for
innovation
Innovation
Economic
efficiency
1) A European science-based area:
basic general purpose technologies
2) An applied science area:
high patent activities in diversified
applied technology fields
cognitive proximity
relational capacity
Collective learning
Basic knowledge
Education,
human capital,
accessibility,
urban
externalities
(General Purpose
Technologies, GPTs)
Specific, applied
knowledge
Entrepreneurship
Product
and
process
innovatio
n
Economic
efficiency
A creative application pattern
Phases
Territorial preconditions
for knowledge creation
Knowledge output
Region j
Education,
human capital,
accessibility,
urban
externalities
Basic knowledge
(General Purpose
Technologies, GPTs)
Territorial preconditions for
innovation
Innovation
Economic
efficiency
3) A smart technological application area
External specific technologies enhancing
the upgrading of local innovation
Specific and applied
knowledge
Territorial creativity
4) Smart and creative
diversification area
External tacit knowledge
enhacing local innovation
Region i
Collective learning
Product
and
process
innovation
Specific and
applied knowledge
Capabilities
Entrepreneurship
Economic
efficiency
An imitative innovation pattern
Phases
Territorial preconditions
for knowledge creation
Knowledge output
Territorial preconditions for
innovation
Innovation
Economic
efficiency
Region j
Education,
human capital,
accessibility,
urban
externalities
Basic knowledge
(General Purpose
Technologies, GPTs)
Specific and applied
knowledge
Collective learning
Product
and
process
innovatio
n
Entrepreneurship
Region i
Territorial
attractiveness:
FDIs
Product
and
process
innovatio
n
5) An imitative innovation area
Innovation imitation through
territorial attractiveness
Economic
efficiency
Territorial patterns of innovation
Territorial patterns of innovation in Europe
Pattern 1= A European science-based area
Reykjavik
!
Canarias
!
Guadeloupe
!
Martinique
Pattern 2 = An applied science area
Réunion
!
!
Helsinki
!
Tallinn
Oslo
!
!
Stockholm
Guyane
!
!
Pattern 3 = A smart technological
application area
Riga
!
Madeira
!
København
Vilnius
!
!
Minsk
!
Dublin
!
Acores
!
Warszawa
Berlin
Amsterdam
!
!
!
Kyiv
!
London
!
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
Praha
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
Pattern 4 = A smart and creative
diversification area
!
Luxembourg
!
Paris
!
Kishinev
WienBratislava
!
!
Budapest
!
!
Bern
!
Vaduz
!
Ljubljana
Zagreb
!
Bucuresti
!
!
Beograd
!
Sarajevo
!
Sofiya
Pattern 5 = An imitative innovation area
!
Podgorica
!
Skopje
Ankara
!
Roma
!
Tirana
!
!
Madrid
!
Lisboa
!
Athina
!
Nicosia
!
El-Jazair
!
Tounis
!
Valletta
!
0
© Politecnico di Milano, ESPON KIT Project, 2012
260
520
km
Regional level: NUTS2
Source: Own elaboration, 2012
Origin of data: EUROSTAT, 2012
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
Legend
No data
Imitative innovation area
Smart and creative diversification area
Smart technological application area
Applied science area
European science-based area
Territorial conditions associated to each pattern
Regional preconditions for
knowledge and innovation
creation
Regional preconditions for
external knowledge and
innovation acquisition
Results and questions from the patterns identification
1. Differentiated patterns of innovation and modernization,
much more complex than a core-periphery model;
2. our impression is that none of these patterns is by
definition superior to another and, on the contrary, each
territorial pattern may provide an efficient use of research
and innovation activities generating growth.
But this last statement calls for empirical analysis.
Specific goals
A) Main spatial
trends of
innovation and
knowledge
B) Identification
of the regional
pathways
towards
innovation and
modernization
and their
territorial
elements
C) Impact of the
different modes
of innovation
and knowledge
on regional
performance
D) Case studies
E) Policy implications for the development of a successful
knowledge economy
Selected questions to be answered
Migration of inventors
Research collaborations
3.2
Productivity
growth
4.3
Knowledge output
Knowledge input
(R&D)
Innovation
4.4
4.1
GDP growth
3.1
4.2
Employment
growth
3.3
What is the return of knowledge production to R&D expenditure?
Map: Elasticity of knowledge
production to R&D
The return of R&D
expenditure to knowledge
production increases by
increasing R&D
expenditure up to a certain
level, then it starts
decreasing.
Pattern 5
Pattern 1
Pattern 2
Pattern 4
Pattern 3
Elasticity of knowledge production to R&D: an international
comparison
Elasticity of knowledge production to R&D:
(all coefficients are statistically significant)
EUROPE
0.430
USA
CHINA
0.041
1.303
0.995
INDIA
Knowledge
Production
What is the return of knowledge production to human capital?
Increasing returns up to a
certain threshold, then
decreasing returns.
Elasticity is higher than for
R&D.
Pattern 5
Pattern 4
Pattern 1
Pattern 2
Pattern 3
What is the return of knowledge production to external knowledge ?
Reykjavik
!
Reykjavik
!
!
!
!
!
Canarias
Canarias
Guadeloupe Martinique
!
!
Guadeloupe Martinique
!
!
Réunion
Réunion
Helsinki
!
Helsinki
!
Tallinn
Oslo
Tallinn
Oslo
!
!
Stockholm
!
!
Stockholm
!
!
!
Guyane
!
Guyane
Riga
!
Riga
!
!
!
København
København
!
Vilnius
!
Vilnius
!
Madeira
Madeira
!
Minsk
!
Minsk
!
Dublin
!
Dublin
!
!
!
!
!
Warszawa
Berlin
Amsterdam
London
Kyiv
!
!
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
Praha
!
Luxembourg
Acores
!
!
!
!
Warszawa
Berlin
Amsterdam
London
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
Kyiv
!
!
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
Praha
!
Luxembourg
!
!
!
!
!
!
Budapest
!
Budapest
!
!
Bern
Vaduz
!
!
!
Kishinev
Wien !
Kishinev
Wien !
!
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
Paris
!
Paris
Bern
Acores
Vaduz
!
!
Zagreb
Zagreb
!
Beograd
!
Beograd
Bucuresti
!
Bucuresti
!
!
!
Sarajevo
Sarajevo
!
!
Sofiya
Sofiya
!
!
Podgorica
!
Roma
Madrid
Podgorica
!
Skopje
!
Roma
Ankara
!
Tirana
!
Madrid
!
Skopje
!
Ankara
!
Tirana
!
!
!
!
Lisboa
Lisboa
!
!
Athinai
Athinai
!
!
Nicosia
Nicosia
!
!
El-Jazair
!
El-Jazair
!
Tounis
Tounis
!
!
!
Valletta
!
0
280
© Project KIT, 2012
560
Valletta
0
© Project KIT, 2012
km
km
Elasticity of knowledge production to cross-regional co-patenting
by patterns of innovation
Imitative innovation area = -0,10
Pattern 5
Imitative innovation area = No impact
Pattern 5
Smart and creative diversification area = No impact
Pattern 4
Smart and creative diversification area = No impact
Pattern 4
Smart technological application area = 0,02
Pattern 3
Smart technological application area = 0,14
Pattern 3
Applied science area = 0,06
Pattern 2
European science-based area = 0,26
Pattern 2
European science-based area = 0,05
Pattern 1
Applied science area = 0,31
Pattern 1
No data
560
Regional level: NUTS 2
Source: EUROSTAT, own calculation, 2011
Origin of data: AQR - University of Barcelona
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
Regional level: NUTS 2
Source: EUROSTAT, own calculation, 2011
Origin of data: AQR - University of Barcelona
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
Elasticity of knowledge production to cross-regional mobility
by patterns of innovation
280
No data
Do
knowledge
spillovers
play aon
role
in producing internal
Does
innovation
impact
employment
growthknowledge?
rates?
Elasticity of employment growth to product innovation
Intra-regional
inventors’ mobility
at different levels of blue collar functions
Inter regional inventors’ mobility
Map: Elasticity of employment
growth to product innovation
Reykjavik
Reykjavik
!
!
!
Canarias
Canarias
On average, product
innovation is a labour saving
activity but:
!
Guadeloupe
Mobility
Réunion
Martinique
Knowledge
creation
(patenting)
0.01*
Helsinki
!
Guyane
Oslo
!
Tallinn
!
Stockholm
!
Mobility in:
Guadeloupe Martinique
!
!
Réunion
Helsinki
!
Tallinn
Oslo
!
!
Stockholm
!
!
Guyane
Riga
!
!
København
Madeira
Vilnius
!
!
Minsk
!
Madeira
Dublin
Riga
!
!
European science-based area
Berlin
Amsterdam
København
London
Vilnius
!
!
!
!
!
!
Dublin
Warszawa
Kyiv
!
!
!
Minsk
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
- it creates jobs in regions
where production functions
are present
!
Praha
Acores
Acores
!
Luxembourg
!
Applied science area
Amsterdam
Berlin
!
London
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
Warszawa
!
!
0.09*
!
Kyiv
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
Paris
!
!
Praha
Luxembourg
!
!
Paris
0.08*
Vaduz
!
!
Zagreb
Bucuresti
!
!
Beograd
!
!
0.05*
WienBratislava
!
!
Bern
!
!
!
Smart and creative
diversification area
Ljubljana
!
Knowledge
creation
(patenting)
Kishinev
Budapest
Vaduz
!
0.03*
Zagreb
!
Bucuresti
Beograd
!
!
Sarajevo
!
Sofiya
!
Podgorica
!
Roma
Skopje
Ankara
!
!
Tirana
!
Madrid
!
!
Lisboa
!
Athinai
!
No Sarajevo
impact
(new products need to be
produced)
!
Sofiya
!
El-Jazair
Podgorica
!
Madrid
Imitative innovation area
!
Skopje
!
Roma
!
Lisboa
!
!
Budapest
!
!
Smart technological
application area
Kishinev
Wien !
Bern
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Ankara
Tirana
Nicosia
Tounis
Valletta
0
280
© Project KIT, 2012
* Significant at conventional level
Athinai
!
El-Jazair
!
Nicosia
Tounis
!
!
Ar Ribat
!
!
Valletta
© BEST - Politecnico di Milano, Project KIT, 2012
-0,24 - -0,05
-0,04 - 0
0,01 - 0,05
0,06 - 0,25
> 0,25
250
500
km
Elasticity of knowledge production to cross-regional mobility
by patterns of innovation
Imitative innovation area = -1,78
Smart and creative diversification area = No impact
Smart technological application area = 2,33
No data
< -0,250000
0
Regional level: NUTS2
Source: EUROSTAT, own calculation, 2011
Origin of data: BEST - Politecnico di Milano
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
Legend
}
}
}
Share of blue collars = 18%
Applied science area = 5,82
European science-based area = 7,27
Share of blue collars = 24%
Share of blue collars = 30%
560
km
Regional level: NUTS 2
Source: EUROSTAT, own calculation, 2011
Origin of data: AQR - University of Barcelona
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
No data
Does R&D expenditure generate innovation?
Note: elasticity values to knowledge and innovation are computed according to the estimated coefficients reported in table 4. Elasticity values of GDP growth to knowledge are c
Elasticies of GDP Growth to Knowledge and Innovation
GDP growth
(2005-2007)
R&D on
GDP
Share of
innovative firms
Elasticity of GDP
growth to R&D
Elasticity of GDP
growth to innovation
EU average
3.64
1.37
35.54
0.12
0.38
European science-based
area (ESBA)
3.29
2.56
63.16
0.24
0.41
Applied science area (ASA)
3.65
1.84
46.92
0.15
0.49
Smart technological
application area (STAA)
3.17
1.71
38.43
0.16
0.26
Smart and creative
diversification area (SCDA)
3.85
0.97
27.69
0.10
0.22
4.2
0.41
18.14
Not significant
Not significant
Imitative innovation area
(IIA)
Does R&D expenditure generate GDP growth?
Map: Elasticity of GDP to
R&D by patterns
A critical mass is required
in order to achieve
increasing returns (Ushaped form).
Pattern 4
Pattern 3
Pattern 5
Pattern 2
Pattern 1
Do knowledge and capabilities increase TFP?
Does innovation generate increases in GDP growth rates?
Elasticity of GDP growth to innovation by patterns of innovation
Reykjavik
!
Canarias
!
Guadeloupe
!
Martinique
Réunion
!
!
Yes, but if innovation
achieves a critical mass!
Helsinki
!
Tallinn
Oslo
!
!
Stockholm
Guyane
!
!
Riga
!
Madeira
!
København
Vilnius
!
!
Minsk
!
Imitative innovation
generates lower GDP growth
rates than new innovation
Dublin
!
Acores
!
Warszawa
Berlin
Amsterdam
!
!
!
Kyiv
!
London
!
Bruxelles/Brussel
!
Praha
This map does not
necessarily reflect the
opinion of the ESPON
Monitoring Committee
!
Luxembourg
!
Paris
!
Kishinev
WienBratislava
!
!
Budapest
!
!
Bern
!
Vaduz
!
Ljubljana
Zagreb
!
Bucuresti
!
!
Beograd
!
Sarajevo
!
Sofiya
!
Podgorica
!
Skopje
Ankara
!
Roma
!
Tirana
!
!
Madrid
!
Lisboa
!
Athina
!
Nicosia
!
El-Jazair
!
Tounis
!
Valletta
!
0
© Politecnico di Milano, ESPON KIT Project, 2012
260
520
km
Regional level: NUTS2
Source: Own elaboration, 2012
Origin of data: EUROSTAT, 2012
© EuroGeographics Association for administrative boundaries
Legend
No data
Imitative innovation area = no impact
Smart and creative diversification area = 0,425
Smart technological application area = 0,434
Applied science area = 0,632
European science-based area = 0,810
Pattern 5
Pattern 4
Pattern 3
Pattern 2
Pattern 1
Case studies
A) Main spatial trends of
innovation and knowledge.
B) Territorial elements
explaining spatial trends.
(both endogenous knowledge
creation and flows from
outside)
Different modes of
innovation and knowledge
creation and diffusion.
Output: typologies of
innovative regions
A comparison with other
regional knowledge
economies in more advanced
and emerging countries
WP 2.1 and 2.2
Output: typologies of
territorial patterns of
innovation
C) Impact of the different
modes of innovation and
knowledge on regional
performance.
Output: typologies of
regional performance
based on innovation and
knowledge
WP 2.3.2
WP 2 3.1 and 2.5
D) Case studies
WP 2.4.1 and 2.4.2
E) Policy implications for the development of a successful knowledge economy
WP 2.6
12 case studies
6 case case on best practice of knowledge creation:
- Electronics (Pisa, Tuscany)
- Automotive in Piedmont
- Biotech in Oxford
- ICT in Cambridge
- ICT in Kosice
- ICT in Bratislava
6 case studies on best practice of knowledge acquisition:
- Wine in Tuscany area;
- Wood processing in Banska Bystrica region
- Digital media in Cardiff (Wales)
- Food sector in West Wales
- ICT Milan (Lombardy)
- Automotive in Bratislava region
Value added of the case studies
Territorial elements explain innovation patterns more than
the sectoral elements.
Case studies have provided an in-depth analysis of the
territorial elements behind patterns of innovation.
Case studies demonstrated the dynamics of regions from
one pattern of innovation to another.
Inductive analysis witnesses that the territorial elements
supporting the different innovation patterns are those
conceptually identified.
Specific goals of the KIT project
A) Main spatial
trends of
innovation and
knowledge
B) Territorial
elements
explaining the
spatial trends
C) Impact of the
different modes
of innovation
and knowledge
on regional
performance
D) Case studies
E) Policy implications for the development of a successful
knowledge economy
Key policy messages (1)
Unconventional policy warnings with regard to some
general beliefs, namely:
- an innovation-driven economy is not necessary linked to
a knowledge economy;
- formal knowledge is not the only knowledge asset on
which a modern economy rests;
-R&D expenditures are not the only policy tools to develop
innovation and growth;
Key policy messages (2)
- if a knowledge economy is developed, this does not give
rise to the same growth opportunity everywhere;
- external knowledge cannot easily and automatically be
used in an efficient way by all regions.
 There is a clear need for thematically-regionally focused
innovation policies.
Smart innovation policies
Smart innovation policies may be defined as those
policies able to increase the innovation capability of an
area by boosting effectiveness of accumulated
knowledge and fostering territorial applications and
diversification, on the basis of local specificities and the
characteristics of already established innovation
patterns in each region.
Smart innovation policies
Territorial patterns of innovation
Policy aspects
Policy goals
European science-based
area
(Pattern 1a)
Applied science area
(Pattern 1b)
Maximum return to R&D investments
Support to R&D in:
Policy actions for local
knowledge generation
(Embeddedness)
New basic fields
General Purpose
Technologies
Specialized
technological fields
Smart technological
application area
(Pattern 2a)
Smart and creative
diversification area
(Pattern 2b)
Maximum return to applications and co-operation in
applications
Support to creative application, shifting capacity from
old to new uses, improving productivity in existing uses,
through:
Incentives to
technological development
and upgrading
Identification of
international best practices
Support to search in
product/market
diversification
Support to
entrepreneurial creativity
Imitative innovation
area
(Pattern 3)
Maximum return to
imitation
Fast diffusion of
existing innovation
Enhancing receptivity
of existing innovation
Support to local firms
for complementary
projects with MNCs
Support to local firms
for specialized
subcontracting
Smart innovation policies
Policy actions for
exploitation of knowledge
spillovers
Incentives to inventors attraction.
Incentives for creative applications through:
Support of research cooperation in:
Incentives for MNCs
attraction
(Connectedness)
GPT and trans-territorial
projects (ERA)
specific technologies
and trans-territorial projects
(ERA), in related
sectors/domains
Encourage labour
mobility among related
sectors/domains
Policy style
Provide a critical mass of funds
Support triangular projects by Universities-Research
Centres-Enterprises
Co-operative research
activities among related
sectors
Co-operative search for
new technological solutions
participation of local
actors to specialized
international fairs
Bargaining on
innovative ‘local content’
procurement by MNCs
attraction of “star”
researchers even for short
periods
work experience in best
practice knowledge creation
firms of the same domains
Stimulate a bottom up identification of industrial
vocations, by raising awareness on local capabilities and
potentials, in order to:
Stimulate
cooperation projects
between MNCs and local
firms
Stimulate knowledge and technological transfer mechanisms
in related sectors
Thematical/ regional orientation of R&D funding:
Towards researchers and
laboratories in general purpose
technologies
in specific fields of
technological specialization of
the area
targeted choice of joint
research activities with
partners external to the area
Beneficiaries
University, research centers, large local firms
Stimulate co-operation
with strong external
partners in the
specialization sectors of the
area
Local firms
Support local actors’
participation to
international fairs in
specialization sectors
Support targeted work
experiences in best practice
knowledge creation firms
Local entrepreneurs
Local firms
Evolutionary smart innovation policies
Elasticity
New applications in new
industries
of GDP to R&D
1
Creation of new local
competences adding local value
to external competences
Reinforcement of local
science-based knowledge
2
5
3
4
Reinforcement of local
applied science
Diversification of
technological fields in which to
innovate
R&D / GDP
Thank you very much
for your attention!