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Education system in Finland – Development and Equality
FINLAND AS A KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY WORKSHOP
Helsinki August 30 – 31, 2004
Liisa Leijola
ETLA
31.08.2004
31.08.04 Leijola/ETLA
ETLA Discussion Paper No. 909
Liisa Leijola
Education system in Finland – Development and equality
http://www.etla.fi/julkaisuhaku.php?type=details&id=986
31.08.04 Leijola/ETLA
Education system in Finland
Doctoral degree
(Post-graduate
polytechnic degree)
4 years
Licentiate degree
Master’s degree
3 years
3 years
Bachelor’s degree
Polytechnic degree
ISCED
8
7
6
UNIVERSITIES
POLYTECHNICS
Matriculation
examination
UPPER SECONDARY
SCHOOL
Professional
qualification
VOCATIONAL
SCHOOL
5
4
3
Lower secondary school
2
Primary school
1
BASIC EDUCATION
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Timeline of development
•
12th century: schooling in Latin for the clergy
•
1543: first textbook in Finnish
•
19th century: Swedish schools and gymnasiums
•
1866: Education for all, common schools in Finnish
•
1898: School districts: < 2 km to school
•
1921: Basic right and duty for 7 to 12 -year-olds
•
1960s: 6 years common school, 5 years middle school, 3 yrs gymnasium
•
1970s: Basic education system, 9 years for 7 to 16 -year-olds
Sweden
Russia
Finland
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Principle of equality
•
•
•
Regional
Gender
Socio-economic
Intitially focus on regional equality and physical access to schools
Number of schools and participation
Currently equality in educational opportunity, gender and socio-economic equality
Learning results
Individual and school differences
Further education for everyone
Social security system: no unemployment benefits unless secondary
education
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Basic education
•
In practice 100% participation
•
Municipalities
Free of charge
Lunch, supplies, transportation, after school activities
•
•
Girls perform better than boys
Regional differences, interactions between types of inequality
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Secondary education
•
Upper secondary shools (high school)
2 to 4 years
Matriculation examination
Municipalities
•
Vocational schools (2 to 4 years)
Professional qualifications
State & municipalities
•
•
Selection into schools, polarisation, gender differences
55% of 9th grade students in 1999 enrolled in upper secondary schools,
35% in vocational schools the following year
7% did not continue schooling
Displacement, unemployment
•
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Adult education
•
Half of working age population participates, public and private organisers
•
Employer-sponsored education
Technical fields
Computer skills
•
•
Reduces generation gap in educational achievement
Coping with technological change in the workplace
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Higher education
•
•
•
20 universities
Bachelor, Master, Licentiate, Doctorate
State-owned, autonomous, private funding 35%
•
•
•
29 polytechnic insitutes
Bachelor, (Master)
Municipalities, foundations
•
•
•
Entrance examinations (<5….% of applicants admitted)
Financial aid to students, working while studying
Long study times
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University network
University
31.08.04 Leijola/ETLA
Source: Statistics Finland
Financing education
Figure 2. Expenditure on primary and lower secondary eduation and all education, % of GDP in 1998.
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
Primary and lower sec.
Denmark
Korea
Italy
Norway
Iceland
Sweden
USA
Austria
France
Chile
Canada
Switzerland
Portugal
Finland
Average
Germany
Australia
Spain
Hungary
Belgium
UK
Greece
Mexico
Japan
Ireland
Czech Republic
0
Netherlands
1
Turkey
%
All levels
Source: OECD
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Financing education
Table 1. Total expenditure on education in Finland 1997-2001 and distribution between levels in 2001.
Pre-primary education
Basic education
Upper secondary education
Vocational education
Apprenticeship education
Polytechnic education
University education and research
Other education
Administration
Financial aid to students
Total
% of GDP
1997
M€
..
2693
483
1115
78
290
1243
319
132
628
6981
6.1
1998
M€
..
2683
474
1033
103
387
1297
319
130
638
7064
5.8
1999
M€
..
2738
486
1012
101
506
1330
295
111
628
7207
5.8
2000
M€
86
2734
503
977
96
558
1364
298
118
647
7380
5.7
2001 Distribution 2001
M€
%
188
2.5
2771
36.3
509
6.7
985
12.9
101
1.3
603
7.9
1351
17.7
313
4.1
115
1.5
691
9.1
7626
100
5.8
Source: Statistics Finland
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Financing education
Figure 1. Education expenditure per student in 2001
University education and
research
8600
Vocational education
7400
Polytechnic education
5300
Basic education
4900
Upper secondary education
3800
Total
5600
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Euro
Source: Statistics Finland
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Financial aid to students
Financial aid to higher education students:
+
Study grant 259.01 €
Housing supplement 171.55 €
Student loan 220 €
Total 650.56 €/month
Working while studying very common (50%), 1/3 takes student loan
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PISA 2000
•
•
•
•
Finland #1 in reading literacy
Top 5 in science skills and maths
Least deviation in scores
Least effect from socio-demographic background, gender
•
•
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Expenditure per student in basic education OECD average
Student /teacher ratio OECD average
Time use in school OECD average
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What is the reason for success in basic education level?
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Principle of equality
Society
Education
•
Universal basic education
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Appreciation for education & reading (TV subtitles!)
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Higher education policy and economic development
1940s and 1950s
General education level, academic ideals:
Humanistic & Natural Sciences
1960s and 1970s
Welfare state:
Social sciences, public sector
1990s
High technology, ICT:
Engineering, technology
2000s
Overeducation? Private funding? More specialisation?
Ageing of the population? Crisis of the welfare state?
31.08.04 Leijola/ETLA
Education system in Finland – Development and Equality
FINLAND AS A KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY WORKSHOP
Helsinki August 30 – 31, 2004
Liisa Leijola
ETLA
31.08.2004
31.08.04 Leijola/ETLA