Transcript and Gender, Selected SSA Countries

Gender and
Development
in Africa
Some Reflections
C. Mark Blackden
Office of the Sector Director
Poverty Reduction and Economic Management
Africa Region
1
Global Issues Seminar Series
November 1, 2006
E-mail: [email protected]
Gender & Development?
2
Gender & Development
3
Issue Areas
 Economics:
 Gender
 Poverty:
Gender and Growth
not just a “social” issue
Different for ♂ and ♀
 Understanding
 AIDS:
 Risk,
gender dimensions
“Gender Dynamics”
vulnerability, & impact
 Link with legal status and rights
3
Uganda:
Gender Intensity of Production
Sector
Uganda: Structure of the Economy, 1997
Gender Intensity Contribution to GDP
Share of
of Production
by Sector
GDP Women
Men
Women
Men
Agriculture
o/w: Food Crops
Traditional Exports
NTAEs
Industry
o/w: Manufacturing
Services
TOTAL:
Contribution to GDP:
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
49.0
33.0
3.5
1.0
14.4
6.8
36.6
100.0
75.0
80.0
60.0
80.0
15.0
n.a.
32.0
25.0
20.0
40.0
20.0
85.0
n.a.
68.0
72.6
24.8
4.3
24.8
23.1
50.4
50.6
49.4
100.0
100.0
Notes: Gender Intensity of Production - female and male shares of employment.
4
Source: Based on Elson and Evers 1997. Supplemental estimates
by World Bank. Data sources: WDI 2001; ACGD 2002.
Economic Inclusion ?

5
enterprises face
different obstacles,
esp. in access to
finance (linked to
land rights)
“How can property
own property?”
(Ugandan
community leader in
Human Rights
Watch Report, 2003)
Businesses Responding that Government
Officials have "interfered" in their Business
(in %)
Women-Headed
Enterprises
All Enterprises
60
43
Percent

40
25
20
0
Women-Headed
Enterprises
All Enterprises
Type of Enterprise (By Ownership)
Source for Chart: Kirkpatrick and Lawson (2004) in Amanda Ellis et
al. “Gender and Economic Growth in Uganda: Unleashing the
Power of Women,” World Bank, Directions in Development, 2006.
The “Double Workday” of Women
Benin: Weekly Work Hours by Task and Sex
Principal Activity
17.3
Men
1.3
0.1
Livestock/Anim. husb.
Women
3.6
4.6
Maintenance/Rep.
Activity
24.8
Ag. Prod. Transform.
0.6
2.5
Fetching Wood
0.5
2.9
17.7
21.5
Other Tasks
Fetching Water
0.9
Preparing Meals
0.6
7.0
11.3
50.0
TOTAL
0
10
20
30
40
Hours
6
Source: Benin --Time Allocation Study, UNDP, 1998
50
67.2
60
70
80
Different Transport Burdens
(Hours/Year by Sex)
Fuel: Hours/Year
900
800
700
Women Hours
Men Hours
Other Hours
Hours/Year
600
500
400
300
200
Women = 100
Ghana
7
Men =
100
10.4
0
Tanzania
5.8
Zambia
2.1
Ghana
Source: Christina Malmberg-Calvo. 1994, Women in Rural Transport
… SSATP Working Paper No. 11. World Bank and ECA.
Tanzania
Country
Zambia
Type of Household
All
Widowed
Divorced
Married
Cohabiting
Unmarried
All
FHH
Widowed
Divorced
Married
Cohabiting
MHH
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Unmarried
Percent of Consumption
Uganda: Household Spending Patterns
Alcohol & Tobacco
Health & Education
8
Source: UNHS 1999, in Lawson 2003.
Empowerment: Parliament
100%
90%
Men
80%
Women
70%
Percent
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Country
9
Source: International Parliamentary Union, 09/30/06. www.ipu.org.
EGYPT
NIGERIA
KENYA
DRC
CAMEROON
MALI
GHANA
LESOTHO
NIGER
MALAWI
ZIMBABWE
SENEGAL
ETHIOPIA
UGANDA
TANZANIA
SOUTH AFRICA
MOZAMBIQUE
RWANDA
0%
Gender & AIDS
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence
 Δ in gender roles w/o Δ in power
 Early marriage and sex
 Sexual exploitation related to
women’s poverty and powerlessness

“When alcohol enters one’s blood system, the
first thing it awakens is the sexual urge.
Thereafter nothing matters – not even AIDS can
stand in the way of a man who wants to have sex”.
Chairman of Kajaho Village, aged 54 years
10
Source: A Social and Gender Assessment of HIV/AIDS Among
Refugee, IDP, and Host Populations in the Great Lakes Region
of Africa, Great Lakes Initiative on AIDS, September 2006.
60
Trends in HIV Prevalence
HIV/AIDS
Prevalence
Men 1999
Rates, 1999-2001, by Age
Women
1999
Rates
by
Age
(15-24)
and(15-24)
Gender,
Selected SSA Countries
Men 2001
and Gender,
Selected
Women 2001
SSA Countries
HIV Prevalence Rate (in Percent)
50
40
30
20
10
11
LESOTHO
SWAZILAND
BOTSWANA
ZIMBABWE
NAMIBIA
SOUTH AFRICA
Sources: For 2001: UNAIDS, Report on the Global
HIV/AIDS Epidemic, 2002. For 1999: UNAIDS Country Country
Source:
June
2000.
DataUNAIDS,
Files, June 2000.
www.unaids.org
Source:
UNAIDS,
June
2000.
ZAMBIA
MOZAMBIQUE
KENYA
MALAWI
RWANDA
ETHIOPIA
TANZANIA
D.R. CONGO
NIGERIA
UGANDA
0
Risk and Vulnerability
♂


Multiple sex
partners
Social norms




12


sexual domination
knowledge
power/violence
Economic power

♀
command over
resources
High-risk behavior of
regular partner
Social norms




virginity/passivity
culture of silence
value of motherhood
Economic insecurity

exchange sex for
money/favors
= increased risk & vulnerability for
BOTH men and women
Spousal Violence
Women Who Have Ever Experienced Spousal Violence
Percent
40
35
31
21
18
14
10
5
South Africa
Haiti
Poorest Quintile
Peru
Zambia
Richest Quintile
Source: D.R. Gwatkin, S. Rutstein, K. Johnson, E.A. Suliman, and A. Wagstaff, Initial Country-Level Information
about Socioeconomic Differences in Health, Nutrition, and Population, Volumes I and II (Washington, DC: The
World Bank, November 2003).
© 2004 Population Reference Bureau
13
Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2003.
Trends
inWife
HIV Prevalence
Attitudes
to
Beating
Rates 1999-2001, by Age
100
(15-24) and Gender,
85.4
84.5
Selected SSA Countries
76.5
80
60.4
60
88.8
63.3
51
40
28.8
32.3
35.7
40.2
20
Source:
UNAIDS,
June
2000.
Source:
Country
DHS
Surveys, Various Years, www.dhs.org.
14
Source:
UNAIDS,
June
2000.
2001 Mali
2001 Zambia
2000 Ethiopia
2000/01 Uganda
2000 Rwanda
2001 Benin
1999 Zimbabwe
2000 Haiti
2000 Malawi
2000 Armenia
2001 Nepal
0
Early marriage ….


Axiom(?): “Abstinence until marriage,
fidelity in marriage” End of problem?
Married adolescent girls higher HIV rates
than sexually active unmarried girls



15
> coital frequency, < condom use
= “virtually eliminates ability to abstain”
= greater exposure to unprotected sex
Husbands 3x more likely to be HIV+ than
boyfriends of single girls
Marriage as presumed “safe haven” from
HIV. Does this encourage early marriage?
Source: Based on Shelly Clark, “Early Marriage and HIV Risks in SSA,”
Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 35, No. 3, September 2004.
An Engendered Agenda
 Act
on different development
priorities
(Invest in the “household
economy”)
 Employment & economic
opportunity
(“Gender Equality as Smart
Economics”)
 Empowerment MDG3
(Promote women’s “agency”)
16
Water and fuel investments
significantly reduce collection time
Annual time savings (hours per household)
Investments in water and fuel infrastructure
significantly reduce time on collection activities
Potential average annual time savings
600
400
Uganda
> 900 hrs/yr
=
> 660 hrs/yr
+
> 240 hrs/yr
Potable water
within 400m
Woodlots within
30 mins walk
200
0
Lusaka Rural
Kaya
Mbale
(Zambia) (Burkina Faso) (Uganda)
17
Kasama* Dedougou*
(Zambia) (Burkina Faso)
* Kasama & Dedougou already within the target for water.
Source: Barwell 1996, in Engendering Development, PRR, 2001.
Thank You!
18
www.worldbank.org