Transcript Chapter 4

Culture
The Big Idea
Culture, a group’s shared practices and beliefs, differs from
group to group and changes over time.
Main Ideas
• Culture is the set of beliefs, goals, and practices that a
group of people share.
• The world includes many different culture groups.
• New ideas and events lead to changes in culture.
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Main Idea 1:
Culture is the set of beliefs, goals, and
practices that a group of people share.
Culture
• The set of beliefs, values, and practices that a group of people
has in common
• Includes many aspects of life, such as language and religion,
that we may share with people around us
• Each is unique
Culture Traits
• An activity or behavior in which people often take part, such
as language spoken or sports played
• Can be shared by people around the world
• Can change from place to place
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Development of Culture
Culture traits are often learned or passed down from one
generation to the next.
• Within families as traditions, foods, or holiday customs
• Laws and moral codes within societies
Cultures develop as people learn new culture traits.
• Immigrants who move to a new country
Other factors, such as history and environment, also affect how
cultures develop.
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Main Idea 2:
The world includes many different
culture groups.
• A culture region is an area in which people have many shared
culture traits, such as religious beliefs, language, or lifestyle.
– A single culture region can dominate an entire country.
– A single country may include more than one culture region within its
borders.
– A culture region may stretch across country borders.
• Often, culture regions are based on ethnic groups—groups of
people who share a common culture and ancestry.
• Cultural diversity is the state of having a variety of cultures in
the same area.
– Creates an interesting mix of ideas, behaviors, and practices
– Can sometimes lead to conflict
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Main Idea 3:
New ideas and events lead to changes in
culture.
How Cultures Change
How Ideas Spread
• Innovations—new ideas
or ways of doing
things—often bring
about cultural changes.
• The spread of culture
traits from one region to
another is called
cultural diffusion.
• As societies come into
contact with each other,
cultures can change.
– Occurs when people
move from one
place to another
– Takes place as new
ideas spread from
place to place
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Population
The Big Idea
Population studies are an important part of geography.
Main Ideas
• The study of population patterns helps geographers learn
about the world.
• Population statistics and trends are important measures of
population change.
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Main Idea 1:
The study of population patterns helps
geographers learn about the world.
• Population, or the total number of people in a given
area, determines a great deal about the place in which a
person lives.
– Influences business, transportation, schools, and more
• Geographers study human population
– Interested in patterns that emerge over time
– Study information such as how many people live in an area,
why people live where they do, and how populations change
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Population Patterns
Population Density
• Population density—a
measure of the number of
people living in an area
• High population density
areas
Where People Live
• When an area is thinly
populated, it is often
because the land does not
provide a very good life.
– Rugged mountains
– Land more expensive
– Harsh deserts
– Roads crowded
– Polar regions
– Buildings taller
• Low population density
areas
– More open spaces
– Less traffic
– More available land
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• Areas with denser
populations tend to be
regions with fertile soil,
reliable sources of water,
and a good agricultural
climate.
Main Idea 2:
Population statistics and trends are
important measures of population change.
• Geographers examine three key statistics to learn about
population changes.
– Birthrate—the annual number of births per 1,000 people
– Death rate—the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people
– Rate of natural increase—the birthrate minus the death rate equals
the percentage of natural increase, or the rate at which a population
is changing.
• Population growth rates differ from one place to another.
– In some countries, populations are growing very slowly or even
shrinking.
– In most countries, populations are growing.
– In countries with growing populations, governments face many
challenges.
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Population Change
Migration
• Migration is the process
of moving from one place
to live in another.
• A common cause of
population change
• People migrate for many
reasons.
– Some factors push
people to leave their
country.
– Some factors pull, or
attract, people to new
countries.
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World Population Trends
• Earth’s population has
exploded in the last 200
years
– Better health care
– Improved food production
• Two important population
trends:
– Population growth in some
of the more industrialized
nations has begun to slow.
– Less industrialized nations
often have high growth
rates.
Government and Economy
The Big Idea
The world’s countries have different governments and levels
of economic development.
Main Ideas
• The governments of the world include democracy,
monarchy, dictatorship, and communism.
• Different economic activities and systems exist throughout
the world.
• Geographers group the countries of the world based on
their level of economic development.
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Main Idea 1:
The governments of the world include
democracy, monarchy, dictatorship, and
communism.
• Governments:
– Make and enforce laws
– Regulate business and trade
– Provide aid to people
– Help shape the culture and economy of a country as well as the daily
lives of people who live there
• Many countries have democratic governments.
– A democracy is a form of government in which the people elect
leaders and rule by majority.
– Some work to protect the freedoms and rights of their people.
– Others restrict the rights and freedoms of their people.
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Other Types of Government
Monarchy
• One of the
oldest types of
government
• Ruled directly
by a king or
queen, the
head of a royal
family
• In some, power
is in the hands
of just one
person.
• In others, many
democratic
practices are
used.
Dictatorship
• A single,
powerful ruler
has total
control.
• Leader is called
a dictator.
• Often rules by
force
• People have few
rights and no
say in their own
government.
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Communism
• A political
system in which
the government
owns all
property and
dominates all
aspects of life
in a country
• Leaders are
chosen by the
Communist
Party or by
Communist
leaders.
• People have
restricted rights
and very little
freedom.
Main Idea 2:
Different economic activities and systems
exist throughout the world.
• The economy is a system that includes all of the activities
that people and businesses do to earn a living.
• Countries use a mix of different economic activities and
systems.
• Geographers divide economic activities into four levels.
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Four Levels of Economic Activity
Primary
industry
Secondary
industry
Tertiary
industry
Quaternary
industry
•
People earn a living by providing raw materials or
natural resources to others.
•
Examples include farming, fishing, and mining
•
Use natural resources or raw materials to
manufacture other products
•
Example: automobile manufacturers use steel and
other materials to build cars and trucks.
•
Goods and services are exchanged
•
Includes people who sell the products made in
secondary industries and people who provide
services rather than goods, such as health care
•
Involves the research and distribution of information
•
People work with information rather than goods and
often have specialized knowledge and skills.
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Economic Systems
Traditional
Economy
Market
Economy
• System in which
people grow their
own food and
make their own
goods
• System based on
private
ownership, free
trade, and
competition
• Trade may take
place through
barter, or the
exchange of
goods without the
use of money.
• Individuals and
businesses are
free to buy and
sell what they
wish.
• Often found in
rural and remote
communities
• Prices determined
by the supply and
demand for goods
• Sometimes called
capitalism
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Command
Economy
• System in which
the central
government
makes all
economic
decisions
• Government
decides what
goods to produce,
how much to
produce, and
what prices will
be.
• Communist
governments own
and control most
businesses in
their countries.
Main Idea 3:
Geographers group the countries of the world
based on their level of economic
development.
Economic Indicators
• Measures of a country’s wealth used by geographers to decide if a
country is developed or developing
• One measure used is gross domestic product (GDP)—the value of
all goods and services produced within a country in a single year.
• Other indicators include a country’s per capita GDP, level of
industrialization, and overall quality of life.
Developed and Developing Countries
• Developed countries have strong economies and a high quality of
life; usually have high per capita GDP
• Developing countries have less productive economies and a lower
quality of life; usually have lower per capita GDP
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Global Connections
The Big Idea
Fast, easy global connection have made cultural exchange,
trade, and a cooperative world community possible.
Main Ideas
• Globalization links the world’s countries together through
culture and trade.
• The world community works together to solve global
conflicts and crises.
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Main Idea 1:
Globalization links the world’s countries
together through culture and trade.
• Globalization is the process in which countries are increasingly
linked to each other through culture and trade.
– Caused by improvements in transportation and communication over
the last 100 years
• Popular culture refers to culture traits that are well known and
widely accepted.
– Examples include food, sports, music, and movies.
– United States has great influence on global popular culture and is
also influenced by global culture.
• Expansion of global trade has increased interdependence—the
reliance of one country on the resources, goods, or services of
another country—between countries.
– Many companies in one country often rely on goods and services
produced in another country.
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Main Idea 2:
The world community works together to
solve global conflicts and crises.
• Because of globalization, the world seems
smaller.
– Places are more connected.
– What happens in one part of the world can affect the
entire planet.
• The world community works together to
promote cooperation among countries in times
of conflict and crisis.
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A World Community
Countries often join together to settle conflicts such as wars,
trade disputes, and political disagreements.
The United Nations (UN) is an organization of the world’s
countries that promotes peace and security around the globe.
The world community promotes cooperation in times of crisis
such as ones caused by earthquakes, floods, and drought.
Groups from many nations often come together to provide
humanitarian aid, or assistance to people in distress.
Organizations representing countries around the globe work to
help in times of crisis.
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