Transcript Holt McDougal - Clay

The Early Hebrews
The Big Idea
Originally desert nomads, the Hebrews established a great
kingdom called Israel.
Main Ideas
• Abraham and Moses led the Hebrews to Canaan and to a
new religion.
• Strong kings united the Israelites to fight off invaders.
• Invaders conquered and ruled the Hebrews after their
kingdom broke apart.
• Some women in Hebrew society made great contributions
to their history.
Holt McDougal,
MAIN IDEA 1:
ABRAHAM AND MOSES LED THE HEBREWS TO
CANAAN AND TO A NEW RELIGION.
Accounts of the Hebrews describe the
Hebrews’ early history and the laws of
Judaism, the Hebrew religion.
The Hebrew Bible traces the Hebrews back
to Abraham, who was told by God to settle in
Canaan. Abraham left Mesopotamia with his
followers.
After a famine struck Canaan, the Hebrews
ended up in Egypt and lived well, causing
the pharaoh concern.
Holt McDougal,
CRASH COURSE & OTHER
VIDEOS
Holt McDougal,
THE EXODUS
• The pharaoh of
Egypt made the
Hebrews slaves
to stop them
from taking over
Egypt.
• A leader named
Moses demanded
that the pharaoh
free his people.
• He refused, and
plagues
occurred,
frightening the
pharaoh.
• His people
were
released, so
they began
their Exodus
out of Egypt.
• God then
gave Moses
the Ten
Commandm
ents by
which to
live.
Holt McDougal,
• They included
worshipping
only God and
valuing human
life.
• The Hebrews
reached
Canaan and
settled there in
small
communities,
as the
Israelites.
BACK TO CANAAN
Holt McDougal,
MAIN IDEA 2:
STRONG KINGS UNITED THE ISRAELITES TO FIGHT
OFF INVADERS.
 The new threat to the
Israelites came from the
Philistines.
 Solomon became king
next, and expanded the
kingdom and trade.
 The Israelites united
under Saul, who became
the first king of Israel.
 He made allies with
nearby kingdoms,
including Egypt and
Phoenicia. Trade with
them made Israel very
rich.
 The Israelites wanted a
single ruler who could
lead them in battle.
 David became king after
Saul. He won many wars.
Holt McDougal,
 With the riches that
came from this, he built
a temple to God in
Jerusalem.
KING DAVID & THE JEWISH PEOPLE
Holt McDougal,
KING SOLOMON & JERUSALEM
Jerusalem in 5 Minutes
Holt McDougal,
MAIN IDEA 3:
INVADERS CONQUERED AND RULED THE HEBREWS
AFTER THEIR KINGDOM BROKE APART.
After Solomon’s death, revolts broke
out over who should be king.
This split Israel into two kingdoms,
called Israel and Judah. The people of
Judah became known as the Jews.
Both were conquered, and Judah fell to
the Chaldeans.
Holt McDougal,
THE KINGDOMS OF ISRAEL
Holt McDougal,
SCATTERING AND CONQUEST
 The Jews went through a
period of enslavement
called the Babylonian
Captivity.
 The Jews were conquered
by the Romans, but made
many advances in teaching
and building temples.
 The Persians took over
and allowed the Jews to
return to Jerusalem.
Some did not return,
however, and settled in
other parts of the
Persian Empire.
 Yohanan ben Zaccai was a
teacher during this time
who clarified some Jewish
teachings to help people
better under stand the
religion. He also built a
school to teach about
Judaism.
 Scholars call the
scattering of the Jews
outside Canaan the
Diaspora.
Holt McDougal,
 Despite these advances,
the Jews were not happy,
and called on people to
rebel.
THE DIASPORA
Holt McDougal,
MAIN IDEA 4:
SOME WOMEN IN HEBREW SOCIET Y MADE GREAT
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THEIR HISTORY.
 Hebrew society was governed by men. Women had few
rights.
 They had to obey their fathers and husbands. They couldn’t
choose their own husbands.
 A woman could not inherit property unless she had no
brothers.
 Some of them, however, such as Queen Esther, the judge
Deborah, and Miriam (the sister of Moses) made great
contributions to society.
 Some women, such as Ruth and Naomi, were seen as
examples of how women should behave. Ruth was devoted
to her mother-in-law.
Holt McDougal,
RUTH & NAOMI
Holt McDougal,
Jewish Beliefs and Texts
The Big Idea
The central ideas and laws of Judaism are contained in
sacred texts such as the Torah.
Main Ideas
• Beliefs in God, education, justice, and obedience anchor
Jewish society.
• Jewish beliefs are listed in the Torah, the Hebrew Bible,
and the Commentaries.
• The Dead Sea Scrolls reveal many past Jewish beliefs.
• The ideas of Judaism have helped shape later cultures.
Holt McDougal,
MAIN IDEA 1:
BELIEF IN GOD, EDUCATION, JUSTICE, AND
OBEDIENCE ANCHOR JEWISH SOCIET Y.
 Belief in one god
 Judaism is the world’s oldest and possibly the first
monotheistic religion. Monotheism is the belief in only one
god.
 Belief in education
 Teaching children, mostly boys, has always been important
to Jewish society.
 Belief in justice and righteousness
 Jews are expected to be kind and fair in dealing with other
people, in a display of justice.
 They are also supposed to be righteous and do what is
proper.
 Belief in obedience and law
 They obey moral and religious laws such as the Ten
Commandments and Mosaic law.
Holt McDougal,
MAIN IDEA 2:
JEWISH BELIEFS ARE LISTED IN THE TORAH, THE
HEBREW BIBLE, AND THE COMMENTARIES.
The Torah
• This is a
collection of
five books
that make
up the most
sacred text
in Judaism.
• Nearly every
synagogue
has one.
The Hebrew
Bible
• This is made up
of the Torah,
the Proverbs,
and the Book
of Psalms.
• It is also made
up of eight
books that
describe the
messages of
the prophets.
Holt McDougal,
The
Commentaries
• Because some
laws are hard to
understand,
scholars wrote
commentaries to
explain them.
• They can be
found in the
Talmud.
MAIN IDEA 3:
THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS REVEAL MANY
PAST JEWISH BELIEFS.
The Dead Sea Scrolls were found in
1947.
It is suspected that they were written
between 100 BC and AD 50.
The scrolls included prayers,
commentaries, letters, and passages
from the Hebrew Bible.
Holt McDougal,
DEAD SEA SCROLLS
Holt McDougal,
MAIN IDEA 4:
THE IDEAS OF JUDAISM HAVE HELPED
SHAPE LATER CULTURES.
Judaism helped shape the largest religion of
Western society today, Christianity, as well
as Islam.
Many people still look to the Ten
Commandments as a guide and do not work
on the weekends, to honor the Sabbath.
People also give to charities, which is
largely based on Jewish teachings.
Holt McDougal,
Judaism over the Centuries
The Big Idea
Although they were forced out of Israel by the
Romans, shared beliefs and customs helped Jews
maintain their religion.
Main Ideas
• Revolt, defeat, and migration led to great
changes in Jewish culture.
• Because Jews settled in different parts of the
world, two cultural traditions formed.
• Jewish traditions and holy days celebrate their
history and religion.
Holt McDougal,
MAIN IDEA 1:
REVOLT, DEFEAT, AND MIGRATION LED TO
GREAT CHANGES IN JEWISH CULTURE.
The Zealots, a group of people who thought
that Jews shouldn’t answer to anyone but
God, refused to answer to the Romans and
revolted.
During the battles, the Second Temple was
destroyed. The Romans finally won in AD
73.
The Romans killed much of the Jewish
population as punishment.
Holt McDougal,
A SECOND REVOLT
Jews in Jerusalem revolted against the
Romans in the 130s.
After winning the second revolt, the Romans
declared that any Jew caught in or near the
city would be killed. This increased Jewish
migration to the Mediterranean region.
Because the Jews no longer had a single
temple in which to worship, local
synagogues and rabbis became important in
guiding their religious lives.
Holt McDougal,
MAIN IDEA 2:
BECAUSE JEWS SETTLED IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE
WORLD, T WO CULTURAL TRADITIONS FORMED.
 Jewish communities in various parts of the world
developed different customs, including language
and rituals.
 One of the two traditions, Ashkenazim, is made up
of Jews who moved to France, Germany, and
eastern Europe.
 They developed their own language called Yiddish.
 Another group of descendants, called the
Sephardim, lived in what is now Spain and
Portugal.
 They mixed with non-Jews, borrowing elements
from their culture and producing a golden age of
Jewish culture.
Holt McDougal,
JEWISH MIGRATION
Holt McDougal,
MAIN IDEA 3:
JEWISH TRADITIONS AND HOLY DAYS
CELEBRATE THEIR HISTORY AND RELIGION.
Passover
Hanukkah
• This holiday
honors the
rededication of
the Second
Temple.
• It is celebrated
by lighting
candles in a
menorah.
• The eight days
represent the
amount of time
the oil burned
during the
rededication.
High Holy Days
• This is a
time for
Jews to
remember
the Exodus.
• The first two
days, Rosh
Hashanah,
celebrate the
beginning of the
Jewish new year.
• They eat
only flat
bread and
have a ritual
meal called
the seder.
• On Yom Kippur,
the most holy
day, they fast all
day and ask God
for forgiveness of
their sins.
Holt McDougal,