Transcript Chapter 7 Notes

The Early Hebrews
The Big Idea
Originally desert nomads, the Hebrews established a great
kingdom called Israel.
Main Ideas
• Abraham and Moses led the Hebrews to Canaan and to a
new religion.
• Strong kings united the Israelites to fight off invaders.
• Invaders conquered and ruled the Hebrews after their
kingdom broke apart.
• Some women in Hebrew society made great contributions
to their history.
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Main Idea 1:
Abraham and Moses led the Hebrews to
Canaan and to a new religion.
• Accounts of the Hebrews describe the Hebrews’ early
history and the laws of Judaism, the Hebrew religion.
• The Hebrew Bible traces the Hebrews back to Abraham,
who was told by God to settle in Mesopotamia.
• After a famine struck Canaan, the Hebrews ended up in
Egypt and lived well, causing the pharaoh concern.
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The Exodus
• The pharaoh of
Egypt made the
Hebrews slaves
to stop them
from taking over
Egypt.
• A leader named
Moses demanded
that the pharaoh
free his people.
• His people were
released, so they
began their
Exodus out of
Egypt.
• God then gave
Moses the Ten
Commandments
by which to live.
• He refused, and
plagues
occurred,
frightening the
pharaoh.
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• They included
worshipping only
God and valuing
human life.
• The Hebrews
reached Canaan
and settled there
in small
communities, as
the Israelites.
Main Idea 2:
Strong kings united the Israelites to fight off
invaders.
• The new threat to the
Israelites came from the
Philistines.
• Solomon became king
next, and expanded the
kingdom and trade.
• The Israelites united under
Saul, who became the first
king of Israel.
• He made allies with nearby
kingdoms, including Egypt
and Phoenicia. Trade with
them made Israel very
rich.
• The Israelites wanted a
single ruler who could lead
them in battle.
• David became king after
Saul. He won many wars.
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• With the riches that came
from this, he built a temple
to God in Jerusalem.
Main Idea 3:
Invaders conquered and ruled the Hebrews
after their kingdom broke apart.
• After Solomon’s death, revolts broke out over who should
be king.
• This split Israel into two kingdoms, called Israel and
Judah. The people of Judah became known as the Jews.
• Both were conquered, and Judah fell to the Chaldeans.
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Scattering and Conquest
• The Jews went through a
period of enslavement called
the Babylonian Captivity.
• The Persians took over and
allowed the Jews to return to
Jerusalem. Some did not
return, however, and settled
in other parts of the Persian
Empire.
• Scholars call the scattering of
the Jews outside Canaan the
Diaspora.
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• The Jews were conquered by
the Romans, but made many
advances in teaching and
building temples.
• Yohanan ben Zaccai was a
teacher during this time who
clarified some Jewish
teachings to help people
better understand the religion.
He also built a school to teach
about Judaism.
• Despite these advances, the
Jews were not happy, and
called on people to rebel.
Main Idea 4:
Some women in Hebrew society made great
contributions to their history.
• Hebrew society was governed by men. Women had few rights.
• They had to obey their fathers and husbands. They couldn’t
choose their own husbands.
• A woman could not inherit property unless she had no brothers.
• Some of them, however, such as Queen Esther, the judge
Deborah, and Miriam (the sister of Moses) made great
contributions to society.
• Some women, such as Ruth and Naomi, were seen as examples
of how women should behave. Ruth was devoted to her motherin-law.
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Jewish Beliefs and Texts
The Big Idea
The central ideas and laws of Judaism are contained in
sacred texts such as the Torah.
Main Ideas
• Beliefs in God, education, justice, and obedience anchor
Jewish society.
• Jewish beliefs are listed in the Torah, the Hebrew Bible,
and the Commentaries.
• The Dead Sea Scrolls reveal many past Jewish beliefs.
• The ideas of Judaism have helped shape later cultures.
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Main Idea 1:
Belief in God, education, justice, and
obedience anchor Jewish society.
• Belief in one god
– Judaism is the world’s oldest and possibly the first monotheistic
religion. Monotheism is the belief in only one god.
• Belief in education
– Teaching children, mostly boys, has always been important to Jewish
society.
• Belief in justice and righteousness
– Jews are expected to be kind and fair in dealing with other people, in a
display of justice.
– They are also supposed to be righteous and do what is proper.
• Belief in obedience and law
– They obey moral and religious laws such as the Ten Commandments
and Mosaic law.
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Main Idea 2:
Jewish beliefs are listed in the Torah, the
Hebrew Bible, and the Commentaries.
The Torah
• This is a
collection of five
books that make
up the most
sacred text in
Judaism.
• Nearly every
synagogue has
one.
The Hebrew
Bible
• This is made up
of the Torah, the
Proverbs, and
the Book of
Psalms.
• It is also made
up of eight books
that describe the
messages of the
prophets.
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The
Commentaries
• Because some
laws are hard to
understand,
scholars wrote
commentaries to
explain them.
• They can be
found in the
Talmud.
Main Idea 3:
The Dead Sea Scrolls reveal many
past Jewish beliefs.
• The Dead Sea Scrolls were found in 1947.
• It is suspected that they were written between 100 BC and
AD 50.
• The scrolls included prayers, commentaries, letters, and
passages from the Hebrew Bible.
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Main Idea 4:
The ideas of Judaism have helped
shape later cultures.
• Judaism helped shape the largest religion of Western
society today, Christianity, as well as Islam.
• Many people still look to the Ten Commandments as a
guide and do not work on the weekends, to honor the
Sabbath.
• People also give to charities, which is largely based on
Jewish teachings.
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Judaism over the Centuries
The Big Idea
Although they were forced out of Israel by the Romans,
shared beliefs and customs helped Jews
maintain their religion.
Main Ideas
• Revolt, defeat, and migration led to great changes in
Jewish culture.
• Because Jews settled in different parts of the world, two
cultural traditions formed.
• Jewish traditions and holy days celebrate their history and
religion.
Holt McDougal,
Main Idea 1:
Revolt, defeat, and migration led to great
changes in Jewish culture.
• The Zealots, a group of people who thought that Jews
shouldn’t answer to anyone but God, refused to answer to
the Romans and revolted.
• During the battles, the Second Temple was destroyed.
The Romans finally won in AD 73.
• The Romans killed much of the Jewish population as
punishment.
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A Second Revolt
• Jews in Jerusalem revolted against the Romans in the
130s.
• After winning the second revolt, the Romans declared that
any Jew caught in or near the city would be killed. This
increased Jewish migration to the Mediterranean region.
• Because the Jews no longer had a single temple in which
to worship, local synagogues and rabbis became important
in guiding their religious lives.
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Main Idea 2:
Because Jews settled in different parts of the
world, two cultural traditions formed.
• Jewish communities in various parts of the world
developed different customs, including language and
rituals.
• One of the two traditions, Ashkenazim, is made up of Jews
who moved to France, Germany, and eastern Europe.
• They developed their own language called Yiddish.
• Another group of descendants, called the Sephardim, lived
in what is now Spain and Portugal.
• They mixed with non-Jews, borrowing elements from their
culture and producing a golden age of Jewish culture.
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Main Idea 3:
Jewish traditions and holy days celebrate
their history and religion.
Hanukkah
Passover
• This holiday honors
the rededication of
the Second Temple.
• This is a time for
Jews to remember
the Exodus.
• It is celebrated by
lighting candles in
a menorah.
• They eat only flat
bread and have a
ritual meal called
the seder.
• The eight days
represent the
amount of time the
oil burned during
the rededication.
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High Holy Days
• The first two days,
Rosh Hashanah,
celebrate the
beginning of the
Jewish new year.
• On Yom Kippur, the
most holy day,
they fast all day
and ask God for
forgiveness of their
sins.