Index of industrial production - United Nations Statistics Division
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Transcript Index of industrial production - United Nations Statistics Division
International Recommendations for
the Index of Industrial
Production (IIP)
United Nations Statistics Division/DESA
History
Index of Industrial Production has been
calculated since the 1920s
UNSD has collected series going back to 1938
Methodology was described in 1950 UN
Manual on “Index of industrial production”
Number 1 in series of publications on
international recommendations and guidelines
(Series F)
History
The 1950 manual was not updated
However, related guidance materials
were published:
Guidelines on Principles of a System of
Price and Quantity Statistics, 1977
Manual on Producers’ Price Indices for
Industrial Goods,1979
History
Why a revision of the IIP publication?
The previous UN publication on the IIP was
published in 1950
Methods and approaches have changed
over time (e.g. fixed weight vs. chain
approaches, volume aggregation vs.
deflation, etc.)
History
Why a revision of the IIP publication?
Various related standards and
international recommendations have
been updated over time:
International Recommendations for
Industrial Statistics 2008
System of National Accounts 2008
Producer Price Index Manual
Classifications (ISIC Rev.4, CPC ver.2)
These changes need to be reflected in
the updated IIP text
Publication structure
Part I includes a description of the international
recommendations, covering scope, fundamental
concepts, etc.
It is encouraged that countries comply with the
recommendations set out in Part I.
Part II includes international guidance to assist
countries in implementing these
recommendations
It presents a set of methods (categorized as
‘preferred’, ‘alternative’ and ‘other’) and variables
for each ISIC Rev. 4 class in scope of this
publication for the compilation of an IIP, based on
current country practices
Key issues/recommendations
1: Statistical units, classifications & business
register
Recommendations outlining - Statistical Units to
use; classifications; use of business registers;
and data sources (incl. administrative data
sources).
2: Frequency
Publication recommends monthly compilation of
the IIP so that turning points in economic
activity can be identified as early as possible
Key issues/recommendations
3: Scope of the IIP:
Scope is defined to cover activities in sections
B - E of ISIC Rev.4, i.e. Mining and quarrying,
Manufacturing, Electricity, gas steam and airconditioning supply, as well as water supply,
sewerage, waste management and
remediation activities
Section E contains new areas for inclusion in
the IIP
This scope coincides with the scope of the
International Recommendations for Industrial
Statistics (IRIS) 2008, which includes the
index numbers of industrial production in its
list of recommended indicators
Key issues/recommendations
4: Index formula
Laspeyres index is recommended
Preferred due to feasibility over Paasche or
Fischer index
Chain linked, rather than fixed base indices are
recommended
5: Weights and updates
Annual update of weights should be carried out
to provide an up-to-date weighting structure
for the index.
Weights should ideally be National Accounts
value added figures – adjustments necessary
to make them timely available.
Key issues/recommendations
6: Calculation method
Deflation should be used to obtain volume
estimates from value data, rather than volume
extrapolation method
PPI is recommended as deflator
Deflation should be done at lowest level, i.e. 4digit industry level
Volume aggregation still works for areas with
limited number of products.
Key issues/recommendations
7. Variables to be used
To approximate industrial production for the IIP,
output measures (value or physical quantity of
output) are preferred over input measures
(labour or materials consumed)
E.g. relationship between labour and production
value is affected by various factors, including
quality, efficiency etc.
The publication provides suggestions for
preferred, alternate and other methods for the
use of variables in the IIP calculation.
Suggestions are specific for each ISIC industry at
4-digit level
Key issues/recommendations
8: Data adjustments
Adjustments should be made for quality changes
Either through the correction of PPI used in
deflation, or
by adjusting input data when volume
aggregation is used
Data series should be produced as work day
adjusted as well as seasonal adjusted series
Key issues/recommendations
9: Dissemination
The publication outlines elements / requirements
for the dissemination of IIP data
General requirements for international reporting
are set in the International Recommendations for
Industrial Statistics (IRIS) 2008
UNSD data collection will continue at 2-digit ISIC
level for annual and quarterly data, 1-digit ISIC
level for monthly data
Currently for raw (unadjusted) data only
Will switch to ISIC Rev.4 for production of regional IIP
Major changes
Scope
Enlarged definition of “industry”
Recommended calculation method
Deflation vs. volume extrapolation
Frequency of weight updates
Annual updates vs. 5-yearly updates
Chain linking vs. fixed-weight approach
Other recommendations, such as on seasonal
adjustment or dissemination issues reflect an
update of previous recommendations as well
Two main approaches to
calculate the IIP
Purpose of the IIP
Purpose: to reflect the volume
developments in value added over
time
Difficult: impossible to calculate value
added at high frequency and with
appropriate timeliness
Solution: to obtain the best
approximation of short-term
movements in value added
Goal
Measure volume changes over
time
The measurement should not
reflect price changes in the
measurement period
Options
1) Build a measurement that uses
only volume changes at detailed level
“Volume extrapolation”
2) Use a price deflator to remove the
price component from an overall
value measure, isolating the volume
component
“Deflation”
Recommended approach
The 1950 IIP manual relied on
the volume extrapolation
approach
The 2010 IIP manual
recommends mostly the deflation
method
Recommendations depend on
industry (see chapter 7)
What separates the two
approaches?
Calculation method (formula)
Data requirements
Data availability
Work load
Stability, ability to adapt
Volume extrapolation
concept : utilize the movements in
volumes directly to calculate an IIP
suitable : volume variables
formula : IIP=Q1/Q0 (at
elementary/product level)
Use weights to aggregate to higher
levels
Volume extrapolation
Possible input data:
Output variables
Physical quantity of output (at individual
product
Input variables
Labor input
Materials consumed
While input data are sometimes easier to
obtain, they assume a fixed relationship
between input and output
Volume extrapolation
Data requirements
Data need to be available for a detailed set of
products
Volume extrapolation starts at the product level,
then aggregates through product groups and
industries
Products have to be representative for the
respective industries fro which the IIP is
compiled
Work load
High due to need for detailed product data
(collection and processing)
Volume extrapolation
Stability
In some areas, shifting of
production between products (or
product groups) can negatively
influence the data quality
Example: pharmaceuticals
Ability to adapt
Difficult to account for quality
changes
Deflation method
concept : isolate the volume component
from value variables
suitable : value variables
formula :
IIP=(Value1/Price index) / Value0
=(∑P1Q1/Price Index) / ∑P0Q0
At level where price index is available
Deflation method
Possible input data:
Output variables:
Value of output
Value of output sold
Needed only at more aggregated level
than data for volume extrapolation
Deflation method
Data requirements
Data need to be available only at a
higher level of aggregation
BUT: “Appropriate” deflator (price index)
needs to be available at this level too
Deflation should take place at lowest
level possible
Typically: 4-digit ISIC level; could be
product group level
Deflation method
Work load
Reduced (less detailed data
collection and processing)
BUT: price index needs to be
calculated
Responsibility shifts to another area
“Duplication” of work can be avoided
Deflation method
Stability
Price movements are more stable than
quantity movements in many areas
Deflation provides a better tool (while
investing same amount of work) to
calculate IIP for areas with
frequently/seasonally shifting product
patterns
Ability to adapt
Quality effects are accounted for in the
deflator (price index)
Recommendation
The IRIIP 2010 recommends the
deflation method as the preferred
approach to calculation of the IIP
Exceptions are made by industry, e.g. if
only a small set of products exist and if
quality changes are not a major concern
Chapter 7 of the publication provides
recommendations by industry, including
choice of variables