Transcript Document 166147

A seven point research agenda to
facilitate better understanding
between cash transfer programmes
and building social worker capacity
in sub-Saharan Africa in the context
of national social protection plans of
action.
Thematic Round Table
Socal welfare services
Roger Pearson
Senior Social Policy Specialist, UNICEF
Ethiopia
Children’s Rights at a
Crossroads
A Global Conference on
Research and Child Rights
30 November - 2 December
2009
UNECA Conference Center,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Several UNICEF staff contributed to the
preparation of this presentation.
Carlos Alviar,
Cash transfer specialist, UNICEF Kenya
Benjamin Davis,
Regional Social Policy Advisor, East and Southern Africa
Aaron Greenberg
Child Protection Specialist, UNICEF New York
Anthony Hodges,
Regional Economic and Social Policy Advisor, West and Central Africa
Mayke Huijbregts,
Chief Social Policy, UNICEF Malawi
Douglas Webb,
Chief of Adolescent Development, Child Protection and HIV/AIDS, UNICEF
Ethiopia.
What is Social Protection?
• Reduces either the risk of experiencing an
economic or social shock, or reduces the welfare
loss after shocks occur.
• Alleviates extreme or chronic poverty and
enables chronically poor to eventually overcome
poverty.
• Limits fluctuations in welfare (both social and
economic shocks) and addressws structural
‘stresses’ associated with chronic poverty.
Typology
Free Basic
Health
Health
Social
Legislation
Social
Services
Social
Protection
Social
Assistance
Social
Transfers
Social
Insurance
Education
Universal
Education
What African Union Social Policy
Framework says on Soc. Prot. (Jan 2009)
Voluntary insurance
Mandatory social insurance /
social security benefits
of guaranteed levels to covered persons
The Africa Union minimum package
The floor
Essential Social Services
Social Transfers (pensions; child benefits; guaranteed
work, disability grants )
Mix contributory & non-contributory
What African Union Social Policy
Framework says on Soc. Prot. (Jan 2009)
•
•
Investment in and access to SP.
Build SP and social security; national SP action plans;
chapters in national development plan revisions.
Measures include:
•
•
•
•
minimum package; essential health care; benefits for
children, informal workers, unemployed, older persons;
persons with disabilities … a platform for broadening and
extending SP as fiscal space expands.
extending social insurance (subsidies for those unable to
contribute);
build community and occupation based insurance;
social welfare services,
employment guarantee schemes,
•
extend public-financed, non-contributory cash transfers.
•
Rationale 1: SP deep roots in African society
• But complexities of modern world breaking
down efficacy of traditional systems
Rationale 2: Growing evidence of efficacy
in reaching MDGs
•
•
•
•
•
Accelerate reduction in malnutrition
Reduce poverty
Accelerate declines in fertility
Accelerate educational outcomes
Accelerate economic growth
Example: Arguments for pensions
Pensions reduce fertility rates hence reduce population
growth
Where parents take care of older people as well as children,
a guaranteed old age income means more resources directed
to children.
In Namibia , 55% of the pension is spent on grandchildren.
In South Africa, children who live with pensioners in South
Africa are 3-4cm taller; there is an 8% increase in school
enrolment among the poorest 20% of households as a result
of the pension.
Pensions reduce fertility rates hence
reduce U5MR and Maternal Mortality rates
and allow more investment in each child
Figure one: Under-five mortality by birth
interval (Ethiopia DHS 2005)
Years
>4
66
92
3
2
112
208
<2
0
50
100
150
Rate per 1000
200
250
Examples of universal and
near-universal pensions
Country
Coverage
Benefit level per month
New Zealand
93% (over-65)
$737
South Africa
85% (over-65)
$75
Mauritius
100% (over-60)
$84
Kosovo
100% (over-65)
$50
Namibia
93% (over-60)
$26
Botswana
96% (over-65)
$30
Samoa
100% (over-65)
$33
Lesotho
95% (over-70)
$25
Nepal
77% (over-75)
$2
Sex ratio among children attending
primary school
(8-10 year-olds, 2002)
Egypt
Cameroon
Burkina Faso
Niger
1.0
1.2
1.4
Bottom quintile
1.6
1.8
Top quintile
2.0
Children not completing grade 5
Peru (96)
Peru (91)
Bangladesh (97)
Bangladesh (93)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Children not completing grade 5
Peru (96)
77%
Peru (91)
74%
Bangladesh (97)
51%
Bangladesh (93)
46%
0%
10%
20%
Lowest 40%
30%
40%
Middle 40%
50%
Top 20%
60%
Rationale 3: Enhances productivity and
Growth
Economic theory: investing in social
protection is growth enhancing; rationale
does not rest on redistribution or human
rights principles alone
– Micro-level credit market failures inhibit growth
– Lack of insurance or credit markets make poor farmers
conservative
– growth stifled by lack of risk taking and innovation
– Irreversible asset depletion lowers productivity
– Inequality creates conflict
The world agrees that it’s citizens
have a right to social protection
• Universal declaration of Human rights
articles 22 and 25
• UN covenant of economic social and
cultural rights article 9
• ILO conventions
• UN CRC
Claim holders have a right to social
protection.
This implies other parts of society
have a duty to provide the
protection
In the long-term most resources will
have to come from taxes
How much a society
chooses to invest in
social protection is
mainly a matter of
political choice
Two Key issues in realizing these
rights
• Financing social protection is a major challenge
across SSA
– …there are ways forward: taxation, natural resources
and aid
• Capacity issues; institutionalisation is key
– …policies not projects
– …permanent institutions not emergency safety nets
Numbers of people living on less
than $2 per day, 2005
Numbers of wealthy people
No fiscal space for SP?
• Arbitrary to specify a benchmark
percentage of GDP for social protection
spending.
• Government faces hard choices
between social sectors, infrastructure,
agriculture, stimulating entrpreneurs
etc.
• Dialogue and informed political choice
• Medium to long term strategy
Variations in revenue as per cent of GDP
F F F F F F F F F F F F F L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L MMMMMMMM O O O O O O O
SSA Government Revenue % GDP 2008
Congo (Rep)
Angola
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Chad
Cameroon
Nigeria
Lesotho
Swaziland
Seychelles
Botswana
Namibia
South Africa
Cape Verde
Mauritius
Ghana
Kenya
Malawi
Benin
Senegal
Zambia
Niger
Tanzania
Mozambique
Rwanda
Mali
Burkina Faso
Uganda
Ethiopia
Madagascar
Liberia
Eritrea
Gambia
Cote d'Ivoire
Burundi
Congo (Dem Rep)
Sao Tome e Principe
Togo
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Sierra Leone
Central African Republic
Zimbabwe
2008 govt revenue % GDP
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
UNICEF involvement in SP incl. cash transfers in SSA
Type of support
Country
SP diagnostics
ANGOLA
LESOTHO
BOTSWANA
BURUNDI
COMOROS
ETHIOPIA
ERITREA
KENYA
MADAGASCAR
MALAWI
MOZAMBIQUE
NAMIBIA
RWANDA
SOMALIA
SOUTH AFRICA
SWAZILAND
UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
UGANDA
ZAMBIA
ZIMBABWE
CAMEROON
CAPE VERDE
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
CHAD
CONGO
DEMOCRACTIC REPUBLIC OF THE
CONGO
BENIN
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
GABON
GAMBIA
GHANA
GUINEA
GUINEA-BISSAU
COTE D'IVOIRE
LIBERIA
MALI
MAURITANIA
NIGER
NIGERIA
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE
SENEGAL
SIERRA LEONE
TOGO
BURKINA FASO
Policy
development
Training
Institutional
Capacity Building
Cash transfer
Operational
feasibility planning involvement in
& design
piloting
Impact evaluation
Overall fiscal balance, including grants
(% of GDP), 2007
Eq Guinea, 22.7
Congo, 9.9
Gabon, 9.8
Cameroon, 4.2
Chad, 3.5
CAR, 2.5
Nigeria, 2.3
Gambia, 1.8
Liberia, 1.2
Guinea, 1.0
Cote d'Ivoire, 0.3
DRC, -0.1
Sierra Leone, -0.3
Benin, -2.0
Togo, -2.5
Cap Verde, -3.4
Niger, -3.6
Mali, -3.6
Senegal, -4.8
Burkina Faso, -6.3
Ghana, -6.3
Guinea Bissau, -17.3
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Ethiopia at -1.1
5
10
15
20
25
The 2008 global finance, food, fuel
and crisis has added impetus to
social protection
• “…on the expenditure side, it would be desirable , with
external support, to adopt and gradually scale up safety
net programmes, targeting them carefully and building
in countercyclical properties. Existing programmes that
are performing well should be scaled up first; in the
short run, though, the capacity of Sub-Saharan African
countries to set up new programmes is limited.”
IMF’s SSA Regional Economic Outlook
2009: Weathering the storm
De Facto SP programme in Ethiopia
Protect
Humanitarian emergency programmes. (2-7 million people)
Targeted work guarantee scheme; PSNP (8 million)
Prevent
30,000 salaried health extension workers providing a package of
20 free services, to people previously not accessed by health
sector e.g. targeted supplementary feeding; therapeutic feeding.
Food subsidies in urban areas.
Promote
Micro credit (small).
Resettlement
Fertilizer subsidies ($300 million allocation in 2008).
Last 3 million children into school (feeding, ABE centres, mobile
schools).
Fuel subsidies (now cancelled).
Vocational skills training for youth (small).
Small scale disability support projects
Social Insurance
Transform Chapter on SP in PASDEP.
New legislation on SP … the national social protection platform
Some examples
• Ghana recently increased VAT by 2.5 per
cent to pay for free health care for all
under age 18 and pregnant mothers
• Lesotho recently introduced universal non
contributory pension at a cost of 7 per cent
of GDP
An integrated child friendly social
protection service
Complementary role of transfers & social
welfare services
1. Need for an integrated approach to SP:
•
•
Dimensions of vulnerability are many: economic &
social
Different types of intervention are needed: services and
legislation as well as transfers and insurance
2. Specialized social welfare services are
needed to support people who are
particularly vulnerability
Carmona consensus, Spain, April 2009
Social welfare staff actions improve the reach,
effectiveness & enhance the impact of cash transfers:
• Community-based family support workers (paraprofessionals) assisting families access entitlements
• National documentation schemes (e.g. civil reg.);
• Raise awareness on eligibility & entitlements;
• Parenting support services;
• Oversight of SP contractors and civil society by
government welfare staff.
Family support
services
Assistance with
social services
Cash transfers
Legal
empowerment
Protective
services
Child sensitive
social
protection
Enforcement of
laws e.g.
child labour
Early detection
of neglect
& abuse
Social work case
management
Support for
special
needs
Alternative
Care e.g. adoption;
temporary shelters;
Kenya cash transfer programme; social
workers and community groups key role
7
1
Identification
2
Enrollment
Awareness
and
community
development
sessions
3
Payments
6
Monitoring of
school attendance
and health facility
visits
First Payment
Complaints
4
Some lessons learned
• Minimize administrative programme
burden; avoid complex targeting or
monitoring of conditions
• Where affordable, universal
approaches are more practical and
less prone to corruption
• Give high priority to capacity building of
the responsible government bodies
A research agenda from
Carmona
a. Generate more evidence on impact of
community-based family support (social
workers and social work paraprofessionals) in enhancing child-well
being outcomes.
b. Understand better good practices in
relationships between community-based
paraprofessionals & state social welfare
officers.
c. Agree on core social welfare indicators to
include in cash transfer evaluations.
Other research beyond Carmona
agenda
• Mapping out de facto social protection
programming including budgetary allocations
and source of funding
• Cost various scenarios for revised social
protection plans of actions
• Understanding current capacities of
paraprofessional and paraprofessional social
workers
• Understand better current appetite among policy
makers and the public for more social protection