Transcript THE ENGINE AND THE ATMOSPHERE ZELLMAN WARHAFT …

THE ENGINE AND THE
ATMOSPHERE
Which is the major exhaust product?
1.carbon monoxide 2.nitrogen oxide
3. sulphur dioxide 4.carbon dioxide
5. krypton monoflouride
OUTLINE
• To show the direct relationship between
engine emissions and carbon dioxide
concentrations in the atmosphere---and global warming.
• To provide courses of action.
The Planet
The Engine
REGULAR BREATHING
Happy
Planet !
CO2 Level
winter
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Season
The real planet we live on
GASOLINE OR COAL OR
NATURAL GAS ALWAYS
PRODUCES
CARBON DIOXIDE AND
WATER WHEN BURNED IN
AIR
Other products too in very small amounts.
What are they?
Burning hydrocarbon fuels MUST
produce carbon dioxide and
water
Thus , 1 gallon of gasoline
produces 18 lbs of carbon
dioxide
On a holiday trip of 200 miles an average
car puts 300 lbs of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere. It stays here for 100 years.
How many road vehicles are
there in the world?
1
2
3
4
5
5 million?
50 million?
500 million?
5 billion?
5 trillion zillion?
500 MILLION VEHICLES IN THE WORLD
BURN 2 GALLONS EACH PER DAY
That is more than 3 billion tons
(3,000,000,000 Kg) of carbon dioxide
per year into the atmosphere!!
Our Atmosphere is very Thin
The Atmosphere
• The atmosphere of the earth is mainly
Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%) by
volume.
• Carbon dioxide (a green house gas) is
only around 0.038%.
Mass of the Atmosphere is 5.2
thousand trillion tons
5.2
5.210
101818 Kg
Kg


F  ma
ma  p 0 A /g  p 0 4R2 /g
The vehicles added 3 billion
tons of carbon dioxide per
year.
The mass of the atmosphere
is 5.2 thousand trillion tons
m ass of co2 added per year
m ass of atm osphere
3 1012 Kg
7


5.8
10
5.2 1018 Kg
This is approximately 0.6 parts of
Carbon
Dioxide
per
million
parts
of

atmospheric mass per year.
(in volume units it is 0.44 ppmv/yr)
This is for vehicles only (add power
plants etc. and it comes to
1 to 2 ppmv/yr)
CO2
YEAR
Greenhouse
effect
QuickTime™ and a
Motion JPEG OpenDML decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
GLOBAL SURFACE TEMPERATURE CHANGE
Kilimanjaro
floods….
……and famine
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX VS. ENERGY USE
From A Pasternack LLNL Rep. No. UCLR-ID 140773 (Oct. 2000)
INDIA CO2 EMISSIONS
Carbon dioxide Information center CDIAC.ORNL.GOV
INDIA CO2/capita
US CO2/capita
Carbon dioxide Information Center cdiac.ornl.gov
US CO2 emissions
Carbon dioxide Information Center cdiac.ornl.gov
• Carbon emissions are related to:
• Population (N)
• amount of carbon to make a unit of
energy (C/E)
• energy usage per unit of GDP (E/GDP)
• GDP/capita (GDP/N)
Kaya Identity
GDP E C
CN


N GDP E
N = population
GDP = Gross Domestic Product
E = energy usage
C=carbon into the atmosphere
Projections for Kaya
Population(N)
GDP/N
Hoffert et al
“Nature” V.395
29 Oct. 1998
E/GDP
C/E
CO2 and global warming are due to:
Population increase (demography,
geography,economics,sociology,psychology,history….)
Increase in standard of living
(development,sociology,economics,business,engineering
,government………… )
The amount of carbon we use to
produce the energy(engineering,
chemistry,physics,materials science…….)
The energy usage per unit of
GDP(business, economics,engineering,operations
research……..)
ACTION
1.Internalization
2.Education/Research
3.Outreach
4. Examine Tradition
The Planet
The Engine
China CO2 emissions
Carbon dioxide Information Center cdiac.ornl.gov
China CO2/capita
Carbon dioxide Information Center cdiac.ornl.gov
Italy CO2 emissions
Carbon dioxide Information Center cdiac.ornl.gov
Italy CO2/capita
Carbon dioxide Information Center cdiac.ornl.gov
France CO2 emissions
Carbon dioxide Information Center cdiac.ornl.gov
France CO2/capita
Carbon dioxide Information Center cdiac.ornl.gov
• 1990 5.9 billion tons of C added.
• 2006 6.3 billion tons of C added.
• To cut to 2 billion tons (the 1955 value) by
2100 with the anticipated rate of GDP/capita
and power /GDP decline the carbon/power
will have to be 10% of today’s value.
REGULAR BREATHING
Happy
Planet !
CO2 Level
winter
winter
summer
summer
summer
Season
THE ENGINE AND THE
ATMOSPHERE