Transcript Carbon Cycle!x

Carbon Cycle!
Josh, Josh, Austin, Bethany
APES 3rd
Carbon Resvoirs
• Plants
• Terrestrial Biosphere ( fresh water systems,
soil, etc.)
• Oceans
• Fossil Fuels
• Movements due to chemical, physical,
biological, geological processes
Atmosphere
• Apprx. 0.04%
• Important role in supporting life
• Most recent carbon in atmosphere is due to
CFC and green house gases (arthropogenic)
Forests
• Store 86% of above-ground carbon
• 73% of Soil carbon
• Take in carbon that is release by animals
Released into the atmosphere by:
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Respiration
Decay of animal and plant matter
Combustion
Production of Cement
Ocean surfaces
Volcanic eruptions
Chemical Reactions
• Photosynthesis is a complex series of reactions carried out by algae,
phytoplankton, and the leaves in plants, which utilize the energy from
the sun. The simplified version of this chemical reaction is to utilize
carbon dioxide molecules from the air and water molecules and the
energy from the sun to produce a simple sugar such as glucose and
oxygen molecules as a by product.
• The simple sugars are then converted into other molecules such as
starch, fats, proteins, enzymes, and DNA/RNA. All of the matter of a
plant ultimately is produced as a result of this photosynthesis reaction.
• An important summary statement is that during photosynthesis plants
use carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.
Chemical Reactions
• T he process of respiration. The representation of how carbohydrates are
broken down, or oxidized, thereby releasing energy for use for the
consuming organisms. The carbon used and circulated in photosynthesis
represents only a tiny portion of the available global carbon. one of the
key ways a cell gains useful energy. It is the set of the metabolic reactions
and processes that take place in organisms' cells to convert biochemical
energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release
waste products. The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic
reactions (subdivision of metabolism involving all degradative chemical
reactions in the living cell) that involve the oxidation of one molecule and
the reduction of another.
Carbon cycle - Respiration
C6H12O6 (organic matter) + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
Chemical Reactions
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Combustion occurs when any organic material is reacted (burned) in the presence of oxygen
to give off the products of carbon dioxide and water and ENERGY. The organic material can be
any fossil fuel such as natural gas (methane), oil, or coal. Other organic materials that
combust are wood, paper, plastics, and cloth. Organic materials contain at least carbon and
hydrogen and may include oxygen. If other elements are present they also ultimately
combine with oxygen to form a variety of pollutant molecules such as sulfur oxides and
nitrogen oxides.
Metabolism occurs in animals and humans after the ingestion of organic plant or animal
foods. In the cells a series of complex reactions occurs with oxygen to convert for example
glucose sugar into the products of carbon dioxide and water and ENERGY. This reaction is also
carried out by bacteria in the decomposition/decay of waste materials on land and in the
water.
An important summary statement is that during combustion/metabolism oxygen is used
and carbon dioxide is a product. The whole purpose of both processes is to convert
chemical energy into other forms of energy such as heat.
Chemical Reactions
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Carbon dioxide is slightly soluble and is absorbed into bodies of water such as the ocean and
lakes. It is not overly soluble as evidenced by what happens when a can of carbonated soda
such as Coke is opened. Some of the dissolved carbon dioxide remains in the water, the
warmer the water the less carbon dioxide remains in the water.
Some carbon dioxide is used by algae and phytoplankton through the process of
photosynthesis.
In other marine ecosystems, some organisms such as coral and those with shells take up
carbon dioxide from the water and convert it into calcium carbonate. As the shelled organisms
die, bits and pieces of the shells fall to the bottom of the oceans and accumulate as
sediments. The carbonate sediments are constantly being formed and redissolved in the
depths of the oceans. Over long periods of time, the sediments may be raised up as dry land
or into mountains. This type of sedimentary rock is called limestone. The carbonates can
redissolve releasing carbon dioxide back to the air or water.
Chemical Reactions
• Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have increased by 30% since 1800’s
(industrial revolution). The biggest casue is buring of fossil fuels
• Burning Coal: C(s) + O2  CO2
• Burning Coal Natural Gas: CH4 + 202  Co2 + 2H2O
• Burning Gasoline: 2CH8 + 25O2  16CO2 + 18H2O
Effects of Human Intervention on
the Carbon Cycle
How Humans Effect the Carbon Cycle
• Humans effect the carbon cycle in two ways;
– Burning Fossil Fuels and Wood
– Cutting Down Forests
Keeling Curve
• Shows the CO2 levels in the atmosphere since
1958
Effects of CO2 Increase
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Global Warming
Shift in Plant Growth
Sea Level Rise
Plant and Animal Species Range Shifts
• The Pathway of Movement
• This cycle consists of several storage pools of
carbon (black text) and the processes by
which the different pools give and take carbon
(purple arrows and numbers). If more carbon
enters a pool than leaves it, that pool is
considered a “net carbon sink”. If more carbon
leaves a pool than enters it, that pool is
considered “net carbon source”.
• Forms of Carbon that go through the process of the Carbon Cycle
• • Carbon exists in the nonliving environment as: carbon
dioxide(CO2), carbonate rocks(CaCO3), deposits of coal, petroleum,
and natural gas, and dead organic matter.
• • Carbon enters the biotic world through the action of autotrophs.
• • Carbon returns to the atmosphere and water by respiration,
burning, and decay.
• carbon dioxide
• CaCO3
• Coal
• Petroleum
• Natural Gas