Transcript People and Planet in an Hour

People and Planet: Tricky bits Condensed
Population Dynamics
Consuming Resources
Development Dilemmas
Globalisation
NB: This is not the entire
course .
Just the bits I think are tricky.
You still need to know your
case studies
Changing Settlements of the UK
Challenges of the Urban Environment
Population Dynamics
Study an overview of historic trends in global
population growth since 1800 and contrasting
future projections.
What has happened to the global population –
historical, current and future trends?
•
•
The world population is growing at an alarming rate in 2013 at least another 65
million people were added to the global total of 7.1 billion.
Exponential Growth has been occurring (In 2000 the doubling time fell to 39 years)
Contrasting Future Projections
Why are we unsure about future population growth?
Declining Birth Rates in MEDCs
However since 2000 the rate of growth has become more
uncertain in fact no country in the EU is producing enough
babies to stop their population declining.
Policies in Large Countries
During 2005–2050, nine countries are expected to
account for half of the world's projected population
increase: India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of
the Congo, Bangladesh, Uganda, United States, Ethiopia,
and China. China would be higher still in this list were it
not for its One Child Policy.
The global population is getting older:
Malthus and Boserup
War, Disease, Natural Hazards
Examine the five stages of the demographic
transition model to help explain changing
population growth rates and structure.
Compare two countries at different levels of
development to show why their population
structure varies, including an assessment of the
impact of economic growth, demographic
factors, migration and conflict.
Japan
Mexico
population
structure
impact of
economic
growth
Increase in cost of pensions and nursing Growing manufacturing industry –
homes so higher taxes. £20 per month
Mexico expected to overtake UK and
higher.
become 7th largest economy by 2050.
demographic
factors
Longer life expectancy 79 men 85 women High birth rate20
Birth rate below replacement level
Reducing death rate 4.8
migration
conflict
Large numbers of young migrants to USA
for work.
Lack of available people as 20.8% of
population over 65
Army able to be fully resourced by
youthful population
Youthful population - This is when there are a very high percentage of people under the age of 15.
Problems:
•Pressure on housing – not enough housing, people living in slums. This is very common around the big cities (New Delhi),
where millions of people live in shanty towns with no running water, roads, sewage of any kind.
•Pressure on schooling – illiterate population. India’s literacy rate is 60%, Cambodia’s literacy rate is 69%
•Pressure on food supplies - famine, food distribution difficulties. Natural disasters accentuate this problem e.g. droughts.
•Pressure on health services – a growth in diseases being spread around and not being dealt with adequately to stop the
spread.
•High unemployment - Large numbers of people unable to find work so they emigrate
Ageing population
This is when a country has a large number of people over the age of 65 in their country.
Problems:
•Health care
•Skilled health care workers, e.g. nurses, doctors, etc.
•Pensions - Increase in pension costs.
•More retired people means fewer workers in the economy
3 solutions
–Increase tax – not popular
–Raise retirement age – not popular
–Abolish state pensions – not popular
• Understand why different migration policies
develop to either promote or reduce
immigration.
• Evaluate different migration policies, including
open-door, quotas and skills tests, and the
tensions that sometimes arise as a result of
these policies.
Why might you…
Promote migration?
Reduce migration?
REASONS FOR MIGRATION
NATURAL DISASTERS
FAMINE
RESOURCES DEPLETED
DEGREGATED LAND
POVERTY
PHYSICAL
REASONS FOR
MIGRATION
HUMAN
ASTHEICALLY PLEASING
EDUCATION
WAR
FAMILY ISSUES
JOBS
WEATHER
MONEY
TECHNOLOGY
FRIENDS AND FAMILY
AUSTRALIA
UK
NEW ZEALAND
POINTS SYSTEM
OPEN DOOR POLICY
QUOTA
ANYONE IN THE EU CAN COME
INTO THE COUNTRY.
A CERTAIN AMOUNT PER
YEAR CAN MOVE IN,
DECIDED BY THE
GOVERNMENT.
CONTROLS WHO GETS IN AND WHO DOESN’T.
65 POINTS TO PASS
MORE POINTS IF YOU:
- SPEAK A HIGH LEVEL OF ENGLISH
- ARE AGES 25-32
- PRIOR EXPERIENCE IN AUSTRALIA
- QUALFICATIONS (DEGREES)
- HAVE A NOMINATION FROM AN
AUSTRALIAN PERSON.
GOOD DUE TO HIGHLY EDUCATED
ARE GETTING INTO THE COUNTRY,
HELP THE ECONOMY OF THE
COUNTRY. BAD DUE TO OLDER
PEOPLE, THE LESS EDUCATED,
AND THOSE WHO DO NOT SPEAK
ENGLISH HAVE A DISADVANTAGE.
GOOD DUE TO MULTICULTURALSIM,
REFUGESS FROM WAR AND DISASTERS
CAN LIVE HERE, AS CAN RICH & POOR.
POOR LEVELS OF ENGLISH DOESN’T
MATTER, NOR DOES EDUCATION. MORE
TAX. BAD DUE TO THE FACT
POPULATION GROWTH
UNCONTROLLED, TENSIONS WITH
MIGRANTS, EMPLOYMENT BECOMES
HARDER TO FIND. STRAIN ON PUBLIC
SERVICES, SUCH AS SCHOOLING.
IF YOUR OUTSIDE THE EU, YOU CAN TAKE
THE CITIZENSHIP TEST, IF YOU HAVE
EMPLOYMENT HERE.
QUOTA APPLIES TO SOMANS.
CAN CHANGE YEARLY
DEPENING ON
COUNTRIES ECONOMY.
IT IS GOOD AS IT IS RANDOM, SO
A MIXTURE OF ABILITIES
MIGRATES. BAD AS
GOVERNMENT DON’T HAVE
CONTROL ON SKILLS WHICH
MOVE TO THE COUNTRY.
Consuming Resources
Define and classify different types of resources,
including energy, mineral, physical and biological
resources.
Coal
Coal currently
provides a large
amount of the
world energy.
Oil & natural
gas – North
Sea (UK)
Oil & gas are
cheaper than
coal.
Most transport
runs off oil
Nuclear Energy
(France)
Fuel-wood –
Rural
Tanzania
Hydro-electric
Santo Antonio
Geo -thermal
energy
(Iceland)
Solar-power
(Spain)
Very few
materials
needed
Cheap &
readily
available
Produces very
little pollution
Once it is built
it produces
energy
cheaply
It is renewable /
there is an
unlimited supply
Nuclear power
is very efficient
and produces a
lot of electricity
It does not
produce any
CO2
The less coal
there is the
more expensive
it becomes to
mine
Deep mining
can be very
dangerous
Reserves
might only last
another 50
years
Nuclear
accidents can
be extremely
dangerous
New oil & gas
fields are
difficult to find
Nuclear plants
can look ugly
and are very
expensive to
build
Open cast
mines look very
ugly
Oil & gas are
easy to
transport by
pipeline
Burning coal
produces large
amounts of CO2
Oil spills harm
the
environmen
Nuclear waste
is very difficult
to dispose of
Easy source
of fuel to use
for people in
developing
countries
Trees are
renewable if
managed
properly
Once built, it is
renewable and
cheap to
produce.
Reservoirs
created can
reduce water
shortages.
Does not
produce CO2
Cutting down
trees causes
soil erosion
Dams are very
expensive to
build
In
developing
countries
trees are
rarely replanted
Large areas of
land often
have to be
flooded
Can cause
heavy
deforestation
It produces
very little
pollution or
CO2
renewable and
will provide a
constant
source of
energy
Building geothermal energy
plants is very
expensive
Very limited
choice of
places where
the plants can
be built
Does not produce
any air pollution
Or CO2
Very good for
small scale energy
needs such as
houses and
villages in
developing
countries
Needs lots of
sunshine, so
would not work all
year round and in
all countries.
Solar panels are
very expensive to
build
Biofuel
(India)
Bio fuel
plants can
easily be
converted
from fossil
fiuel
powerstation
s
It uses
renewable
materials
such as food
waste
It uses up
fertile land
• Examine the reasons for variations in the global
supply and consumption of:
•• one non-renewable energy resource
•• one renewable energy resource.
• Assess the likely future pressures on both the
supply and consumption of the chosen energy
resources brought by global economic growth and
changing international relations.
Richer countries tend to be found in the
northern hemisphere for example in North
America and Western Europe.
Oil production
These countries tend to consume more
energy because their citizens have more
goods such cars and large houses which use
lots of electricity.
If a country has lots of resources it does not
always mean it will be rich. Saudi Arabia has
lots of oil and is very wealthy. This is
because it sells lots of its oil to the rest of
the world for a high price.
On the other hand several African countries
have lots of oil but are still extremely poor.
This is because the wealth from this oil goes
into the hands of very few of people and
often to corrupt governments that don’t
look after their people properly.
There are also examples of countries that
have no resources but are very wealthy. For
example Japan. This is because it generates
its wealth in other ways such as through
developing new technologies and providing
financial services. They can therefore afford
to import all of the energy they need.
GDP by country
Key Idea 4: How much Oil is there?
Current production is focused in the Middle East,
especially Saudi Arabia. However many of these
countries have reached ‘peak oil’ (production of
relatively cheaply obtained oil has reached its
maximum so there is now a fall in production).
Uneven patterns of oil supply and demand
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tt3dGOTyGa
E&safe=active
Oil is used in a great many ways in modern society. It fuels cars, heats buildings and
provides electricity and makes the plastic we use in everyday life. Oil is a finite resource
and one day it will run out.
Peak oil is the point at which oil reaches a maximum level and will start to decline as this
means oil will be harder to access.
This means oil will become more expensive and will lead to a global recession as goods
become more expensive to produce and transport. This in turn could lead to more global
conflicts and war.
Key ideas 5: Future pressures on both supply and consumption
of this resource in view of recent global economic growth
Consumption is largely related to the wealth of a
country and its reliance on cars. 70% of the
world’s oil is used transporting goods and people
within and between countries.
The USA has less than 5% of the population but
uses 25% of the oil mainly due to:
- Lack of public transport systems
- Low density urban settlements so need long
journeys to work, school etc
- History of low petrol prices
China and India are continuing to grow rapidly with a combined population of 1,400 million
using 71 million cars.
In most cases as the population grows the demand for cars will increase as the hope to get
‘the American Dream’. To achieve this Tata Motors based in India has begun production a car
priced at £1500, this increasing the demand for oil and adding to C02 emissions.
Solar
• Investigate the differences between Malthusian
and Boserupian theories about the relationship
between population and resources.
Malthus Theory (1766-1834)
- Population increases faster than food supply so there would come a
time when the world could not cope.
- Population increases geometrically (1, 2, 4, 8, and 16)
- Food supply increases arithmetically (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5)
- Population would outgrow the amount of food available leading to
famine, war and disease
Malthus argued that there were ways to prevent population from
extending beyond the food supplies necessary to support it (optimum
population). This includes a combination of
1. ‘Negative’: Methods people choose to reduce human fertility e.g.
China’s one child policy, sterilisation
2. Positives’: Anything which increases mortality: e.g. low living
standards, disease
Malthus argued that this would kept the carrying capacity in check
(the number of plants, animals or human which can be adequately
supported (carried) by the land)
Boserup Theory 1965
- Population growth has a positive impact on people as it forces them to
invent a way out of a problem when resources start to run out e.g. GM
crops
- Overpopulation leads to innovation and higher productivity in use of
land (irrigation, weeding, crop intensification, better seeds) and labour
(tools, better techniques) e.g. GM Crops and the Green Revolution
Globalisation
• Use the Clark Fisher model to investigate
changing employment structure in countries
at different stages of development.
• Contrast the importance of different
employment sectors and working conditions
in countries at different stages of
development.
Clark Fisher Model
Where would you find LEDCs , Developing countries, NICs, MEDC, developed countries.
Can you place Ethiopia, China and the UK?
Named example 1 -Ethiopia
What are working conditions like?
Ethiopia:
is a pre industrial
economy.
Primary:75%
Secondary 5%
Tertiary: 20%
What is Ethiopia’s biggest export
and why do they not earn much
from these exports?
Coffee is Ethiopia’s main export –
but this is a raw material and not
the more expensive finished
manufactured products.
What jobs do people do?
Many people are still
employed on small scale farms
in agriculture ( subsistence
farming).
There is little commercial
farming - mainly growing
Coffee a major export crop.
The secondary textiles sector
is small and jobs are mainly
filled by men.
Many people are also still
employed in Informal jobs which means that they are not
formally recognised and
therefore employees do not
pay any taxes
Working conditions are tough
particularly on the farms where the
work is often hard manual labour
because there has been a lack of
mechanisation and there are often
harsh physical conditions.
People who work in the informal
sector – Mostly women and
children are likely to suffer abuse
and exploitation.
Which sector will be
important to Ethiopia in the
future and in particular which
industry will provide many of
the jobs?
In the future there will be an
increase in tertiary jobs
specifically in the tourist
sector.
Named example 2 - China
What are working conditions like?
China is an Industrial
country
The percentages of each
employment sector are:
Primary 48%
Secondary 25%
Tertiary 18%
China’s biggest exports are:
Coal
Natural Gas
Iron ore and tin
Manufactured Goods like mobile
phones.
China can earn a lot of money
from these products.
What jobs do people do?
Many people are still
employed in China’s growing
manufacturing Industries in
large factories.
China’s Primary sector is also
still important and it is not just
agriculture but also Mining
particularly for coal.
The rapid growth of town and
cities is being accompanied by
a rapidly growing service
sector
Working conditions in factories are
tough. Workers often work long
hours in unsafe, unpleasant
conditions.
These workers are both men and
women but they can earn a lot
more than in the rural areas.
Workers (often men) that work in
the mines have a very hazardorous
occupation.
China has been able to
develop so quickly because it
has an abundance of energy
resources and a large working
population.
China’s labour force is an
important factor because it is
very hard working and many
are quick to learn new skills as
well as being ambitious to
become part of a consumer
society.
Named example 3 - UK
The UK is a post industrial
country
The percentages of each
employment sector are:
Primary 1%
Secondary 18%
Tertiary 81%
The UK’s biggest exports are:
Aircraft technology
Finance and banking
Electronics like Dyson.
.
There are also new ways of
working emerging – Like
Teleworking, telecottaging
and telecommuting. Today
more than 2 million people are
self employed and work from
home – this is particularly
thanks to the broadband
network
Why have employment patterns
changed?
Over the last 50 years, the UK has
deindustrialised. It has lost much
of its traditional manufacturing like
iron and steel, Ship building, car
making and textiles.
As a result of a global shift these
industries have located elsewhere.
The UK continues some
manufacturing but it is mostly high
tech, work in state of the art
factories.
There has also much automation –
workers are replaced by machines.
Online banking and ATM’s for
example mean there are fewer
banks.
Working Conditions in all
employment sectors are good
thanks to strict Health and Safety
Regulations and the existence of
Trade Unions.
There is also a national Minimum
wage (currently £6.31)
Outline the role of global institutions including
the World Trade Organization (WTO), the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and
transnational corporations (TNCs), in creating a
more globalised economy.
The role of global institutions
IMF
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organisation of 188 countries, working to raise global
monetary (money) cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high
employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. It does this through
keeping track of the global economy and the member countries, lending to countries with payment
difficulties and giving practical help to members.
United Nations
Through UN efforts, governments have concluded many multilateral agreements that make the world a
safer, healthier place with greater opportunity and justice for all of us. This comprehensive body of
international law, including human rights law, is one of the UN's great achievements. It has close links with
UNESCO, WHO, UNICEF, FAO.
World Trade Organisation
WTO deals with the rules of trade between countries. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as
freely as possible. They are often called in to deal with disputes between countries that have previously
made trade agreements. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers
conduct their business without exploitation.
The World Bank is a financial institution which provides loans to developing countries for capital programs
(money making). Its official goal is the reduction of poverty, with all its decisions being guided through a
commitment to the promotion of foreign investment and international trade, as well as the facilitation of
capital investment.
World Bank
Trans national Company
A company with its headquarters in one country owns factories in one or more other countries and sells
its products globally. The main priorities of a TNC are profit driven. They are always looking for the highest
profit margins. This often means their factories are in LEDC’s to make the most of low wages and often
have headquarters in MEDC’s.
How does each encourage a more globalised economy?
Evaluate the impact of globalisation on different
groups of people, including women as a group
and men as a group, in the developed and
developing world.
What is the affect of Globalisation on different groups of people
Impact on men in the developed world
Impact on women in the developed world
In the UK, fewer full time jobs in secondary
industries, and more part time tertiary jobs than
50 years ago
Men in the East end of London have reduced
access to secondary jobs in car manufacturing
that their fathers did
Women in developed countries have increased
access to flexible work compared to 50 years
ago when more jobs were labour intensive- so
now women are more equal
Impact on men in the developing world
Impact on women in the developing world
Many men in developing countries have to leave
their rural homes and children with elderly
relatives in countries like China, to work in
factories in urban centres
Many men in developing nations feel work is
better paid and more consistent in factories
compared to farming which can be affected by
the weather
Women and men in the developing world have
access to urban secondary and tertiary jobs
Many women in countries like Bangladesh work
in ‘sweatshops’ for TNCs, stitching clothes for
minimal pay, in tough conditions with limited or
no breaks
Women and men in the developing world have
access to urban secondary and tertiary jobs
Women in the developing world have increased
access to education
Has meant thousands of women in Kenya have
access to land which previously they did not
under Kenyan law
Globalisation is a wonderful thing or is it?
Arguments for
Arguments against
Helps LEDC’s develop and have efficient economies.
More MEDC’s; more countries can become more powerful
and shares the worlds wealth more equally
LEDC’s become more industrialized – have control of their
own economies
When TNC’s set up a factory in a country local people are
getting more money, not a lot but still more.
More countries can benefit from a more diverse culture e.g.
Bollywood
Learning new skills
TNC’s pay taxes in countries which help LEDC’s
infrastructure
Improving working conditions in LEDC’s – many big
companies have ethical trading codes (e.g. Accessorise
and Body Shop)
Sharing good practises
Quite often they are taking jobs that people don’t want to
do in MEDC’s
Breaking down barriers between countries and promoting
multicultural societies
The company has provided clean water supply and
electricity in the local area.
LEDC workers can now afford to send their children to
school
Stops/squashes originalities and different cultures within
countries.
Why does poverty still exist if LEDC’s are developing more
efficient economies?
Causing damage to the environment e.g. plastic bags
Most profits return back to the TNC countries and
branches in LEDC’s are not benefiting.
LEDC’s don’t have much chance to develop their own
industries.
TNC’s Invests in countries and then move away and create
short term benefits but more poverty in the long run
In LEDC’s workers are learning new skills that aren’t really
helping and are dumbing down clever people, semi-skilled,
unskilled jobs.
In MEDC’s people are losing their jobs because companies
are moving to places where wages are cheaper
Wages are so low their not really benefiting.
TNC’s are not always investing in host country their just in
it for themselves.
Poor working conditions in LEDC’s
- Long hours and a long working week
No health and safety
Low wages
No unions
limited rights
Many people are available to work so the TNC can fire and
rehire anyone they want
Dorms are shared by 20+ workers and disease/illness can
spread very quickly
• Examine the changes in the volume and
pattern of international trade and foreign
direct investment.
• Explore the reasons for these changes,
including lower transport costs, TNC growth
and mergers and state-led investment.
Changes
Reasons
Changes
Reasons
How & why have patterns of international trade and
Foreign Investment changed over time?
International trade is the movement of goods and services (e.g. workers / banking)
across borders and therefore between countries.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is when a company invests capital (spends its money /
uses its resources e.g. workers & expertise) in a different country by either building
facilities (e.g. factories) or buying other companies. (e.g. Walmart in the USA now
owns ASDA in the UK.)
Goods & services are the products that are traded between between different
countries e.g. cars, electronics, food or financial services like insurance e.g. Toyota cars
manufactured in Japan are sold in the UK.
Capital flows are the movement of capital between countries e.g. American
companies (Nike) spend money building factories in China so they can get their
products manufactured cheaply.
Why has international trade grown so rapidly?
Lower and Faster Transport Costs.
Containerisation - Most goods now arrive from Asia
in containers which are easier to transport to ports, to
load onto ships and then unload at the other end. Each
container is bar-coded so machines rather than people
can identify its contents and where it needs to go
Shipping – ships transport over 90% of our goods and
have become much larger yet only need small crews.
They are also extremely fuel efficient reducing fuel
consumption
Aircraft – Transport by aircraft is more expensive than
by ship so only 0.2% are transported by Air. However
more high value goods like electronics, medical
supplies and fruit and veg is transported by Air as it is
much faster.
• Study one TNC in the secondary sector to show
how it operates in different parts of the world,
e.g. location of headquarters, outsourcing and
the global shift in manufacturing.
• Study one TNC in the tertiary sector to show how
it operates in different parts of the world, e.g.
administrative work moving overseas,
globalisation of products, including the growth
of retailing chains.
Named Example 4: Nike a Secondary TNC and an example of a
TNC who has merged with other companies.
Nike started in 1964 when Phillip Knight began importing running shoes
From Japan, where labour was cheap. Today is valued at over $10billion.
Nike has its head Office in the USA and all design is carried out at the Oregon
head Office but though decision making are kept in the USA most Asian outsourcing countries get
the less profitable production activities.
South Korea, Taiwan 1970’s : Nike was attracted by cheap labour so instead of owning its
own factories it outsourced production to these countries.
China 1980’s: Nike began production in China to take advantage of cheap labour
Thailand and Indonesia late 1980’s: South Korean companies, with whom Nike had developed a
long term relationships moved operations south t Thailand and Indonesia in search of cheap
labour.
Vietnam 2000: Now that China’s currency is worth more , it is cheaper to make many items in
Vietnam.
Nike bought Converse in 2001 due to Converse going bankrupt and Umbro in 2007 – This is know
as a Merger.
TNC: Nike
$9 billion a year earned
140 countries advertise / promote
Tesco: Case study
HQ Chesthunt, UK
Products: Groceries, consumer goods, financial services, telecoms
Stores in 14 different countries across the globe
Motto- “pile it high, sell it cheap”
Soon spread from selling groceries to other goods. (phones, insurance, electronics, holidays)
1987 took over Hilliards grocery chain in UK, then William Low chain (UK)
Introduction of clubcard loyalty points
Internet shopping- first retailer in UK for groceries
March 1997 took over Republic Ireland main food chain Crazy Prices
Then combined forces with Esso to sell petrol
2000-2005- branches established in USA (35% grocery income in USA), bought out more leading branches
across USA and EU (including take over of Safeway branches)
Use of celebrities in advertising
Spread to China late 2000, created partnerships with Asian brands such as Samsung, Panasonic to sell
cheaper products.
There's a famous stat - that at its peak one pound in every seven spent in the UK went into a Tesco till.*
It's the UK's biggest retailer by sales and also the nation's biggest private employer, with more than 330,000 staff
working in 3,146 stores. Pre-tax profits are in the billions
It's the world's third largest supermarket group, with stores in 12 countries.
More than 27 million people outside the UK have a Tesco Clubcard.
Development Dilemmas
• Examine contrasting ways of defining
development, using economic criteria and
broader social and political measures.
• Evaluate different ways of measuring
development, including Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) per capita, the Human
Development Index and measurements of
political freedom and corruption.
Gross Domestic Product
(per capita)
Human Development Index
Describe what it measures How effective do you think it is at showing differences in
development?
This is the total value of
Based on four economic and
goods and services within social development indicators
a country per person.
that allows comparisons
between countries. Indicators
include GDP, poverty line,
access to clean water, adult
literacy and life expectancy
An advantage of GDP is
that data is available for
every country with an
economic structure.
A disadvantage
of GDP is that it uses an
average amount of money
per person and so hides
any
gap between rich and
poor people.
Another disadvantage is
that it does not include
important activities that
do not involve money
An advantage of HDI is that it
covers a wider range of
factors – social and
economic – and so is
considered a more accurate
measurement of overall
development.
The disadvantages of HDI are
that some data is not
available for
all countries and it does not
consider the natural
environment or inequalities
within countries.
Happy Planet Index
A measure of a countries
wellbeing i.e. How happy
and content people are,
based upon social and
environmental indicators
like access to clean water,
ecological footprint and
life expectancy.
Corruption Perceptions
Index - Transparency
International
The Corruption
Perception Index looks at
perceived corruption in
governments and their
departments
If development is to take
place, a government
should be working for the
people.
Perceptions are used
because
corruption is hidden and
difficult to measure but
the lack of data is the
main
weakness of this index.
Strengths of this index are
that it covers 183
countries
and combines different
sources of information 0
is very corrupt and 10 is
• Examine the extent of the global
development gap and how this has changed
over time, using a range of indicators.
Due to geographical factors, such as
locational advantages and resources,
and historical factors, such as
colonialism, the world has always been
divided into those that ‘have’ and
those that ‘have not’ – a development
gap.
Europe, the cradle of modern
industrialisation, has economically
dominated since the nineteenth
century, joined then by the USA,
Japan, and more recently the East Asia
region. In the 1980s a North/South
divide between developed and
developing countries was clear.
This has been distorted slightly by the
rise of Newly Industrialised Countries
(e.g. South Korea, Taiwan), the
modifications to communism, and the
rise of the BRICS economies (e.g.
Brazil, China).
These changes are shown by the maps
displaying how the proportions of the
world’s GDP distribution have changed
since 1960 (Figure 4).
• For one developing country in Sub- Saharan
Africa, consider recent social, political and
economic development and possible barriers
to further progress.
Tanzania Development
Social
1967 – 1985 – Socialist policy
adopted government
subsidised services and took
over industries – improved Q
of L and Ujimaa but loss of
private business and tax
revenue.
2005- 2025 Development
Vision – investment in
infrastructure and increasing
economic benefits – UN
development programme
investing through millennium
development goals
Political
1885- 1961 – German and
British Colony – exported
raw materials
1961- independence
1967 – 1985 – Socialist
policy adopted government
subsidised services and
took over industries –
improved Q of L and
Ujimaa but loss of private
business and tax revenue.
Economical
1981 - world bank forced a
change in agricultural
policy
1986 – IMF introduced
structural adjustment
policy . Rise in production
of cash crops led to exports
increasing but also inflation
and loss of wages leading
to disparities especially in
rural areas.
1985- 2005 FDI occurred
which and business
increased but government
investment in services
declined.
Barriers to development in Tanzania
• Levels of development may vary within a
country with regional differences evident,
especially between an urban core and a rural
periphery.
Named example – Urban core, Dar es Salaam Tanzania. Why is it so successful and what happens there?
Mumbai:
Population 5.5
million people
Income:
83.19% of tax
Multiplier
effect
Location: East
coast of
Tanzania
Reason 1:
Dar es Salaam is on the coast so has always been a
major centre for trade (import & export). This has
generated jobs and money for the region. This in turn
has lead to a multiplier effect which attracted
investment, improved infrastructure and therefore
attracted other industries to move into the city. These in
turn created more jobs and wealth.
Reason 2:
Dar es Salaam is the
centre of the Tanzanian
industry for example
Twiga Cement, Azam
icecream.
This employs people
and generates taxes
that get used to
support the local area.
Reason 3:
Dar es Salaam has an international
airport and has been historically
part of the spice trade.
Named example – Rural periphery, Rukwa Tanzania. Why is it so poor and what happens there?
Rukwa
0.07% of tax income
from here
4.2% people with
electricity 38%
people with water
40.8% people below
the poverty line
Subsistence
agriculture
No
investment
in land,
machinery or
materials.
Location: South West
Tanzania
Reason 1:
Most people are subsistence
farmers. This is because they
do not own enough land to
grow enough crops to be
able to sell. This means they
never make any money,
further trapping them in
poverty.
Cycle of
poverty
Little or no
income
No surplus
farm
produce
Reason 3:
The area attracts very
little outside
investment from
business as it is
landlocked, and as a
result job creation is
low. This also means
few taxes are paid so
there is little
infrastructure built,
which in turn puts off
business from locating
there.
Reason 2:
School attendance is poor. This makes for an un-educated
population that are stuck in low skilled and low paid jobs.
Women are particularly poor and literacy rates amongst
women are low Many marry very early, often have lots of
children and then work in low paid jobs.
• Explain why societies develop over time,
including Rostow’s modernisation theory and
dependency theory.
Rostow Theory
You should know what this is and be able to explain each stage of development. You should also be able
to give examples of where a range of different countries fit onto it, with some justification.
The two diagrams show the
characteristics of each stage of
Rostows theory of development.
Franks dependency theory
A chap called Frank had another theory about how some countries developed.
•
•
•
Frank said........
The development of the rich world was achieved by exploitation of the developing world. The
diagram to the right very simply shows how resources are moving from the periphery (developing)
to the core (developed).
That developing countries moved into production of cash crops (coffee, tea, cocoa) which meant
that they were no longer subsistent and actually dependent on developed countries for food
imports and food aid.
That the development of many countries were slowed or stopped by the arrival of colonists. He
points out that many countries were richer before colonisation than after.
• Compare the characteristics of top-down and
bottom-up strategies in terms of their scale,
aims, funding and technology.
scale
aims
funding
technology
Top Down
Bottom Up
Top Down
Case Studies : Top Down Santo Antonio Dam
Bottom Up: Water Aid in Tanzania / Micro Hydro in Peru
Bottom Up
Changing Settlements in the UK
• Investigate the contrasting economic, social,
political and demographic processes that have
transformed urban areas in the UK with some,
e.g. London, experiencing significant economic
growth with rapid population growth while
others have experienced economic and
population decline, e.g. Liverpool.
• Examine how these processes have led to
variations in the quality of urban residential
areas (including housing, services, amenities
and recreational areas) and the levels of
multiple deprivation within large urban areas.
• Identify different types of rural settlement,
including remote rural communities in upland
areas, retirement communities and commuter
villages, and explain how these have
developed.
• Examine the environmental, social and
economic impacts of rising demand for
residential areas in one urban area in the UK.
• Evaluate the success of planning policies such
as ‘green belts’ and National Parks in both
conserving valuable landscapes, andallowing
economic development.
The Challenges of an Urban World
• Examine urbanisation trends globally and
across different regions, including reasons for
growth (migration and internal growth).
• Contrast the economic activities, spatial
growth and population of ‘megacities’ (cities
with more than 10 million people) in the
developed and developing world.
• Investigate why eco-footprints vary from city
to city and assess how one named city in the
developed world is lessening its eco-footprint
by reducing energy consumption and waste
generation.
• Consider the success of strategies to improve
quality of life in cities in the developing world:
self-help schemes, the work of NGOs, urban
planning (e.g. Curitiba).
• Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of
attempts to develop less-polluted cities, e.g.
Masdar City, Mexico City.