Transcript Presentation

Economic and
Population Geography
Natural and Human Resources


Natural resources are anything
from nature that can be of
value/use to humans
Renewable resources are natural
resources that can replenish
themselves with proper care and
management


Soil, water, plants, animals, sun,
wind
Nonrenewable resources are
limited and will run out over time

Fossil fuels, metals, gems,
minerals

Human resources are people and
their skills

Level of education

Skilled labor – must be trained

Unskilled labor – trained over a
short period of time

Entrepreneurial and managerial;
people who start and run their own
businesses
Capital Resources

Money

Level of infrastructure within a
country

Availability and use of tools and
technology
Energy resources

Wood – used for thousands of
years, cause of deforestation
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Coal – used by most countries to
produce energy, causes pollution
when mined and burned
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Petroleum/oil - used for
transportation, causes air pollution
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Nuclear – cheap, but difficult to
dispose of waste

Solar, wind, and hydroelectric –
renewable energy and no pollution,
expensive to produce
Distribution of Resources
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Resources are not evenly distributed across the earth
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Economic interdependence
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Uneven economic development
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Rich vs. Poor countries
Imperialism
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Countries must trade to get what they need
Countries taking over other regions for their own gain
Conflict
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Fighting for control of certain resources
Cultural Perspective and Technology
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Use of resources depends on a
nation's culture, values,
technology, and government
policies
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Economic Development
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Environmental conversation and
sustainability
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Indigenous minorities that own
large areas of land
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New technologies create a demand
for resources
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Steam engine – coal
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Internal combustion engine –
petroleum
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Computer chips – skilled labor
Cost and benefits of resources
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Resource depletion
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Produces goods and services
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Environmental degradation
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Create jobs for people
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Health problems
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Develop new technologies
Economic Activity
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Primary economic activity
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Dealing directly with resources
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Fishing, farming, logging, mining, hunting
Secondary economic activity
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Processing and manufacturing
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Turning raw resources into something useable
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Assembling products
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Mills, factories
Tertiary economic activity
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Service industries – retail, doctors, transportation, advertising, banking
Resource distribution
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Japan
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Russia
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abundant natural resources, diverse economy, specialized industries
Cote d'Ivorie/Ivory Coast
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many natural resources, difficult to extract due to weather, distance,
infrastructure
U.S.
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highly industrialized country despite lack of natural resources
limited natural resource, exchange cash crops for manufactured goods
Switzerland
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limited natural resources, but large service industry
Comparative advantage
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Comparative advantage is when countries export goods and services that they
can produce at a lower relative cost than other countries
Economic Development – why it varies
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Access to natural resources
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Access to capital resources
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Numbers and skills of human
resources
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Indicators of economic development
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Urban/rural ratio
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Labor force – primary, secondary,
tertiary activities
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GDP per capita
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Educational achievement – skilled
workers
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Standards of living and quality of
life
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Population growth rate
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Population age distribution
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Literacy rate
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Life expectancy
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Infant mortality
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Percentage of urban population
Developed vs. Developing countries
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Low population growth rates
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High population growth rate
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Higher percentage of old people
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Lower percentage of old people
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High literacy rates
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Low literacy rates
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Long life expectancies
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Low life expectancies
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Low infant mortality rates
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High infant mortality rates
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High urban population
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Low urban population
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Tertiary activities
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Primary activities
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High GDP
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Low GDP
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High levels of education
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Low levels of education
Factors that affect economic activity
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Landlocked countries will have difficulty transporting goods
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Islands and coastal countries will have easier time
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Proximity to shipping lanes
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Access to communication networks
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Membership to economic and political alliances
Benefits and costs of belonging to an
economic union
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More efficient industries
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Closing of some industries
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Access to larger markets
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Access to human, natural, and
capital resources
Concentration of some industries in
certain countries
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Agribusiness replacing family farms
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Greater influence on world
markets
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Large scale farming done by big
buisnesses
Difficulty in agreeing on common
economic policies
Economic Change
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Industrialized countries export labor intensive work to developing countries;
cheaper
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Growth of trade alliances has led to large trading blocks
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Service industries have grown
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International banks and financial service networks have grown
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Companies are moving to international assembly
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New technology allows instant communication
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Modern transpiration allows for quick and efficient exchange of doos and
services
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Products are marketed on a global scale
Birth and death rates
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How many people are born and die in a country
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Birth rates are higher in developing countries
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No brith control
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Religious restrictions
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Economic factors
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Role of women in society
Death rates are higher in developing countries
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No access to medical care
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Poor nutrition
Distributions
Age
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Male/female
Refers to the number of young
people compared to older in a
given population
Developing countries have aging
populations
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People have fewer children
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Shortage of laborers
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Number of males compared to
females in a population
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China's one child policy favors boys
over girls
Life and death situation
Life expectancy
Infant mortality rate
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How long the average person lives
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Higher in developed countries
because of access to medical care
Number of babies that die at birth
or in the first year of life
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Per 1,000 live births
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High in developing countries, lack
of medical care
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Over 10% in some African countries
Urban/Rural ratio
Gross Domestic Product
(GDP)
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Number of people who live in the
countryside vs. the city
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Total of al goods and services
produced in a country in one year
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Developed countries have higher
urban population
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Developing countries have a low
GDP
Cultural Characteristics
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Ethnicity
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Divisions based on ethnic groups
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U.S. ethnically diverse. Japan homogeneous
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Language
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Religion
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Education
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Developing countries have poor education systems
Population Distribution
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Where people live around the
world
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Climate
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Don't go to places where there are
no jobs
Government policy
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Control of where people can live
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Major cities are most often on
major waterways
Capital resources
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Avoid places that are too hot or
cold
Economic development
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Water, energy sources
Rural/urban settlement
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Natural Resources
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Areas with good transportation are
more heavily populated
Conflicts
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People avoid places where a lot of
violent conflict occurs
Density and growth
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Density – number of people living
in a certain area
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Growth influenced by:
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Modern medicine and hygiene
China is the most populated
country in the world
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Education
Asia has over 1/3 of the earth's
population
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Industrialization and urbanizat6ion
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Economic development
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Government policy
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Role of women in society
Migration
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Migration – a permanent move to a new location
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Immigration – migration FROM a location
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Emigration – Migration TO a location
Push and pull factors – cause human
movement
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Overpopulation
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Religious freedom
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Religious persecution
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Economic opportunity
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Lack of jobs
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Land availability
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Agricultural decline
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Political freedom
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Conflict
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Ethnic and family ties
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Political persecution
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Arable land
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Natural hazards
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Limits on freedom
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Environmental degradation
Sites and Situation
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Site – actual location of a city
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Harbor site - NYC
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Island site - Paris
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Fall line site – Richmond, VA
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Oasis site - Damascus
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Confluence site – Pittsburgh, PA
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Where two rivers meet
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Hilltop site – Rome, Athens,
Jerusalem
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Site where rivers narrow - London
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Situation – relative location of a city
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Baghdad – command of land between
Tigris and Euphrates
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Istanbul – command of STRAITS
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Mecca and Varanasi – pilgrimage
destinations
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Samarkand, Xi'an – Silk Road
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Timbuktu – Trans-Saharan trade route
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Singapore – Strait
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Cape Town – supply station for ships
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Railroads – Omaha, Sacramento,
Vladivostock
Functions of cities
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Security
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Religious centers
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Trade centers
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Government administration
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Manufacturing centers
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Rio de Janerio – former Brazilian
capital
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Pittsburgh – former steel
manufacturing center
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New York City – changing trade
patterns
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Mining towns – ghost towns,
resource depletion
Influence of Urban Areas
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Nation building – monuments
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Transportation/communication hubs
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Magnets for migration
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New ideas and tech
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Universities
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Corporate HQs
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Media centers
Problems
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Transportation – crowded
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Rich and poor neighborhoods polarized
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Providing essential services
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Pollution
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Conversion of agricultural land
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Shantytowns