Transcript Energy Efficiency: The first and most profitable way to

Energy, Society, and the Environment
Unit 8
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Energy Efficiency
• Reducing Demand: Reducing Electricity and Petroleum Use
 through improved technology
 conscious energy use
 energy-conscious development
 changing lifestyle
• Make the Produced Energy Go a Longer Way:
 new products, new designs
 new approaches to transportation and buildings
Electricity Demand
Transportation
Traffic in China
1000 new cars on the
road in Beijing alone
Traffic in LA
Energy Consumption vs. Wealth
Source: United Nations Statistical Yearbook 2003
Petroleum Consumption
• The United States consumes 21 million barrels/day
• 25% of the world consumption
• Highest consumption per capita after Canada and Saudi Arabia
US Energy Consumption
Energy flow in 2007 from the Department of Energy
Petroleum: 39.82
Energy Consumption: Building End-Use
Buildings consume 39% of total U.S. energy
• 71% of electricity and 54% of natural gas
Image credit: Building Technologies Dept, LBNL
Petroleum Use
• Primary Use: Transportation
• Agriculture (Industrial farming),Heating, Production of Plastics,
Lubricants, Asphalt, Wax
Energy Efficiency
I aim to show you that Energy Efficiency has to be the first
component of any national energy plan or response to climate
change
Energy/cost savings can be HUGE with simple steps
We’ll look at many examples
Today: In Class Demo of Energy Efficient Window
Technology
Bill Lake-Wright
Prentice Fountain
Home Depot
U.S. Energy Intensity is actually dropping
Energy Intensity (E/GDP) in the United States (1949 - 2005)
and France (1980 - 2003)
25.0
thousand Btu/$ (in $2000)
20.0
If intensity dropped at pre-1973 rate of 0.4%/year
12% of
GDP =
$1.7 Trillion
15.0
Actual (E/GDP drops 2.1%/year)
10.0
France
7% of
GDP =
$1.0 Trillion
5.0
0.0
1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005
California: World’s 7th Largest Economy
Per Capita Electricity Sales (not including self-generation)
(kWh/person) (2006 to 2008 are forecast data)
14,000
12,000
United States
2005 Differences
= 5,300kWh/yr
= $165/capita
10,000
8,000
California
6,000
Total $700 Billion savings
4,000
Per Capita Income in Constant 2000 $
1975
2005
% change
data from the California Energy Commission
2008
2006
2004
94%
79%
2002
2000
1998
31,442
33,536
1996
1992
16,241
18,760
1990
1988
1986
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
1972
1970
1968
1966
1964
1962
1960
0
1984
US GDP/capita
Cal GSP/capita
1994
2,000
Impact of Standards on
The Efficiency of 3 Appliances
110
90
Effective Dates of
National Standards
Effective Dates of
State Standards
80
Gas Furnaces
=
100
Index (1972 = 100)
=
75%
70
60%
60
Central A/C
50
SEER = 13
40
Refrigerators
30
20
1972
25%
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Year
Source: S. Nadel, ACEEE,
in ECEEE 2003 Summer Study, www.eceee.org
** These are despite overall increases in refrigerator and house sizes**
Types of Energy Savings
insulation
glazed low-E windows
CFL/LED lights
appliances
cogeneration plants
mileage standards
………
“pay-back time” is months- few years for most of these
Windows
Image credits for Windows: Stephen Selkowitz, LBNL
Windows
• We talked about U-value: thermal transmittance; how much heat a
window transmits (the lower the better)
• Low-e: Low emittance means roughly the same thing. Glazing
reduces the e-value.
Surface temperatures from infrared thermography
Test conditions: cold side -18°C, warm side 21°C) Warmer surfaces indicate higher insulating values;
Energy Star Window (left) vs LBNL HiR technology
Double Glazed Low-e
Triple Glazed Low-e, Krypton
(plastic insert center layer)
21 °C
18 °C
15 °C
12 °C
9 °C
6 °C
3 °C
0 °C
Windows
• We talked about U-value: thermal transmittance; how much heat a
window transmits (lower the better)
• Low-e: Low emittance means roughly the same thing. Glazing
reduces the e-value.
• Solar heat gain coefficient: Lets heat from the sun in but not out (for
heating climates)
• U-value and SHGC can be controlled separately
• Windows can become energy PRODUCERS
Windows as Net Energy Producers
Annual
Heating
Energy
Balance
Single Glaze: U = 1
Double Glaze: U = 0.5
Low “e” U = .35 (Energy Star)
R6 Window U = 0.17
- Loss
R10 Window U = 0.10
+ Gain
1973 1980 1990 2000
2010
2020
Windows
• We talked about U-value: thermal transmittance; how much heat a
window transmits (lower the better)
• Low-e: Low emittance means roughly the same thing. Glazing
reduces the e-value.
• Solar heat gain coefficient: Lets heat from the sun in but not out (for
heating climates)
• Windows can become energy PRODUCERS
• Further technology: Dynamic windows. Response to sunlight.
Dynamic Windows
Idea same as Photochromic Sunglasses: glass or plastic darkens
or clears automatically in response to incident sunlight
intensity
“Emerging” Option: Electrochromic Glazing
Clear state
Dark state
Insulation
• Biggest energy gains in buildings achieved through insulation
• Roofs, then windows, then walls
• Degree-days: Number of days x (Tin - Tout)
• Example: Number of degree days accumulated in Fairbanks, AK
between December and February when the average outside
temperature is 10 F. (Average home T taken to be 65 F)
• Focus on new technology
Cool Roof Technology
• Direct Effect
- Light-colored roofs reflect solar radiation, reduce airconditioning use
• Indirect Effect
- Light-colored surfaces in a neighborhood alter surface energy
balance; result in lower ambient temperature
Cool Colors Reflect Invisible Near-Infrared
Sunlight
Reflectance Can be Increased 2-3 Fold
Cool and Standard Color-Matched Concrete Tiles
cool
Courtesy
American
Rooftile
Coatings
standard
∆R=0.37
∆R=0.26
∆R=0.23
∆R=0.15
∆R=0.29
∆R=0.29
Cool Color Roofs
Old
New
flat, white
pitched, cool & colored
pitched, white
Cool Color Cars
• Toyota experiment (surface temperature 18F cooler)
• Ford, BMW, and Fiat are also working on the technology
slide credit: Akbari, LBNL
Lighting
• We talked about CFL: compact fluorescent lights
• Emerging technology: LED
L.E.D.= Light Emitting Diode (Runs on 3.2V DC Power)
Blue LED
Made of semi-conductors;
different semi-conductors, different colors
Energy Usage Comparison
“Best” White LED and Compact Fluorescent vs. 60Watt Light Bulb Comparison
53watts
saved
Power Used (Watts)
60
50
60W Bulb
40
30
Compact
Fluor.
LED
20
10
0
Light Source
Refrigerators
1800
1600
1400
Refrigerator Use per
Unit
1978 Cal Standard
1200
1987 Cal Standard
1000
1980 Cal Standard
800
1990 Federal
Standard
600
400
1993 Federal
Standard
2001 Federal
Standard
200
2009
2007
2005
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
1993
1991
1989
1987
1985
1983
1981
1979
1977
1975
1973
1971
1969
1967
1965
1963
1961
1959
1957
1955
1953
1951
1949
0
1947
Average Energy Use per Unit Sold (kWh per year)
2000
Not all Good News
1800
Estimated Standby
Power (per house)
1600
1400
Refrigerator Use per
Unit
1978 Cal Standard
1200
1987 Cal Standard
1000
1980 Cal Standard
2007
STD.
800
1990 Federal
Standard
600
400
1993 Federal
Standard
2001 Federal
Standard
200
Estimated Household Standby Use vs. Time
2009
2007
2005
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
1993
1991
1989
1987
1985
1983
1981
1979
1977
1975
1973
1971
1969
1967
1965
1963
1961
1959
1957
1955
1953
1951
1949
0
1947
Average Energy Use per Unit Sold (kWh per year)
2000
Savings that Come from Efficiency
•
Some examples of estimated savings in 2006 based on 1974
efficiencies minus 2006 efficiencies (California Example)
Billion $
Space Heating
Air Conditioning
Refrigerators
Fluorescent Tube Lamps
Compact Fluorescent Lamps
40
30
15
5
5
Total
95
• Beginning in 2007 in California, reduction of “vampire” or standby losses
– This will save $10 Billion when finally implemented, nationwide
• Out of a total $700 Billion, a crude summary is that
1/3 is structural, 1/3 is from transportation, and 1/3
from buildings and industry.
Office hours today: 1:30-2:30
Total Estimated
Savings for a House
Energy Conservation
• Technical advances
• Government Policy measures: local and federal
• Consumer Education and Attitude
• Discussion so far: What can technology do for
you?
• Now: What can YOU do for energy
conservation?
Energy Conscious Attitude
• REDUCE
• REUSE
• RECYCLE
Consumer Attitude
• Consume less. Think about what you need when you consume.
Choose reusable products.
• Use products longer: change from a throw-away society
Comes back to the question I asked Day 1: Should I replace my car?
(or my washer, or even my couch…)
NO, unless it is broken and cannot be fixed.
• When you need to replace a product, recycle it.
Recycling
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
We’ll watch a short movie: “The Story of Stuff” by Annie Leonard
Planned Obsolescence
• From Wikipedia: Sloan is credited with establishing annual styling
changes, from which came the concept of planned obsolescence.
He also established a pricing structure in which (from lowest to
highest priced) Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick and Cadillac
referred to as the ladder of success did not compete with each other,
and buyers could be kept in the GM "family" as their buying power
and preferences changed as they aged.
U.S. Energy Plan
California Energy Action Plan of 2003:
1. Energy efficiency and Demand Response
2. Renewable Generation,
3. Increased development of affordable & reliable conventional
generation
4. Transmission expansion to support all of California’s energy
goals.
The U.S. Energy Plan needs to emulate this.
Art Rosenfeld’s Observation About the Value of Energy Efficiency
Art Rosenfeld:
Senior Adviser
to USDE;
California
Energy
Commisioner
“NEGAWATTS”
• Negawatt revolution: From Megawatts to Negawatts
• You get the most financial benefit from saving electricity, as
well as the most environmental benefit.
Amory Lovins,
Energy Strategy:
The Road not
Taken?,
Foreign Affairs,
1976
Remember: No Energy Generation is Perfect
•
oil and gas:
not enough resources
•
coal:
not enough atmosphere
•
biomass:
not enough land
•
hydropower & wind:
not enough sites (intermittent)
•
nuclear fission:
too unforgiving
•
nuclear fusion:
too difficult
•
photovoltaics:
too expensive, intermittent
•
hydrogen:
not a primary source
Holdren, John P. (2006) ENR302 Energy Technology, Markets, and Policy. Lecture 1, February 2, 2006
Energy Efficiency Measures
•
•
•
•
Technologies
– High efficiency
• CFLs, variable speed drives
– Modified function
• Heat pump, point of use lighting
– Economics: real costs, hidden (delayed) benefits
Load Reduction
– Insulation
• Ceiling, water heaters, ducts, weather stripping
– Passive Strategies
• Solar heating, shading, light colored roof
Energy Management
– Automation
• Sensors, clock/thermostat, zone controls
– Behavioral
• Turning off lights, thermostat control (battle of the sexes)
Conservation: lifestyle issues, consumption
ENERGY STAR-labeled products
Residential
Commercial
Clothes Washers
Dishwashers
Refrigerators
Room Air Conditioners
TVs, VCRs, Audio Equipment
Home Heating and Cooling Products
New Homes
Windows
Residential Lighting Fixtures
Roof Products
Insulation
Exit Signs
Office Equipment
Transformers
Roof Products
Insulation
Commercial Buildings
See http://www.energystar.gov/ for more details
Drawback:
allows comparison
of similar models
only