Transcript SeaTrans: Thailand

SeaTrans: Thailand
Country Profile
• A unified Thai kingdom was
established in the mid-14th
century; it was known as
Siam until 1939. Thailand is
the only southeast Asian
country never to have been
taken over by a European
power. A bloodless
revolution in 1932 led to a
constitutional monarchy. In
alliance with Japan during
World War II, Thailand
became a US ally following
the conflict.
Capital: Bangkok
Background
• Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman
Sea and the Gulf of Thailand, southeast of Burma
• Border countries: Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803
km, Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506 km
• Coastline: 3,219 km
• Area:
total:
land:
water:
514,000 sq km
511,770 sq km
2,230 sq km
Background
• Climate: tropical;
rainy, warm, cloudy
southwest monsoon
(mid-May to
September); dry, cool
northeast monsoon
(November to midMarch); southern part
always hot and humid
• Terrain: central
plain; Khorat Plateau
in the east;
mountains elsewhere
Background
• Natural resources: tin, rubber, natural gas,
tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum,
lignite, fluorite, arable land
• Land use:
arable land:
34%
permanent crops:
6%
permanent pastures:
2%
forests and woodland: 26%
other:
32%
Government
• Government type:
constitutional
monarchy
• Flag description: five
horizontal bands of red
(top), white, blue (double
width), white, and red
• Administrative
divisions:
76 provinces
(changwat, singular
and plural);
Environment
• International agreements: party to: Climate
Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous
Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
(signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea)
People
• Population: 61,797,751
note: estimates for this country explicitly take
into account the effects of excess mortality due
to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy,
higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the
distribution of population by age and sex than
would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)
People
• Population growth
• Ethnic groups: Thai
• Life expectancy at
•
rate: 0.91% (2001 est.)
birth:
total population: 68.86
male:
65.64 years
female: 72.24 years
75%, Chinese 14%,
other 11%
Religions: Buddhism
95%, Muslim 3.8%,
Christianity 0.5%,
Hinduism 0.1%, other
0.6%
Economy
• Economy - overview: After enjoying the world's
highest growth rate from 1985 to 1995 - averaging
almost 9% annually - increased speculative pressure on
Thailand's currency in 1997 led to a crisis that uncovered
financial sector weaknesses and forced the government
to float the baht. Long pegged at 25 to the dollar, the
baht reached its lowest point of 56 to the dollar in
January 1998 and the economy contracted by 10.2%
that same year. Thailand entered a recovery stage in
1999, expanding 4.2% and grew about the same
amount in 2000, largely due to strong exports - which
increased about 20% in 2000. An ailing financial sector
and the slow pace of corporate debt restructuring,
combined with a softening of global demand, is likely to
slow growth in 2001.
Economy
• Currency:
baht (THB)
• Exchange rates:
US dollar - 40.12
Euro - 40.10
• Imports:
$61.8 billion
(f.o.b., 2000 est.)
• Exports:
$68.2 billion
(f.o.b., 2000 est.)
GDP
• GDP: purchasing
power parity - $413
billion (2000 est.)
• GDP - real growth
rate: 4.2% (2000
est.)
• GDP - per capita:
purchasing power
parity - $6,700 (2000
est.)
GDP
• composition by sector: (1999)
agriculture:
13%
industry:
40%
services:
47%
Economic Indicators
• Inflation rate
• Unemployment
• Labor force:
• Industrial
(consumer prices):
2.1% (2000 est.)
32.6 million (1997
est.)
rate:
3.7% (2000 est.)
production growth
rate:
3% (2000 est.)
Transnational Issues
• International Dispute: parts of the
border with Laos and Cambodia are
indefinite; sporadic border hostilities with
Burma over border alignment
• Social Issue: illicit transit point for heroin
en route to the international drug market
from Burma and Laos; (opium, heroin, and
marijuana)
Macro Level
• Environmental issues: air pollution from
vehicle emissions; water pollution from
organic and factory wastes; deforestation;
soil erosion; wildlife populations
threatened by illegal hunting
Micro Level
(rural fishing communities)
• Transformation from purely subsistence
fishing to small and medium scale
commercial fishing.
• Mangrove and beach forest have been
cleared for settlement and aquaculture
farms.
• More work diversification.
National MFA Thailand
• Full account based on official statistics for the
•
•
•
•
period 1990 - 2000
DE from 1985 - 2000
Additional estimates for grazing and for byproducts from harvest 1985 - 2000
Future steps: additional estimates for
subsistence production and construction mass
minerals
Full account from 1980
DE biomass
160,000,000.00
140,000,000.00
120,000,000.00
80,000,000.00
60,000,000.00
DE total fish catch
DE Timber
DE grazing and foraging
DE Primary crops
40,000,000.00
20,000,000.00
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
0.00
1985
tons
100,000,000.00
DE Biomass per capita
3.00
2.50
1.50
2000
1999
1998
timber
fishery
grazing
primary crops
1996
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
0.00
1986
0.50
1995
DE
DE
DE
DE
1997
1.00
1985
T/cap
2.00
DE Thailand 1985-2000
300,000,000
250,000,000
tons
200,000,000
150,000,000
100,000,000
fossils
minerals
biomass
50,000,000
0
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Thailand Imports
70,000,000
60,000,000
40,000,000
ores
minerals
fossils
biomass
30,000,000
20,000,000
10,000,000
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
0
1990
tons
50,000,000
Thailand Exports
35,000,000
30,000,000
25,000,000
tons
20,000,000
15,000,000
sum ores
sum minerals
sum fossils
sum biomass
10,000,000
5,000,000
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
0
Four Major Exports
20,000,000
18,000,000
16,000,000
14,000,000
10,000,000
8,000,000
6,000,000
rubber
sugar
cassava
rice
4,000,000
2,000,000
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
0
1990
tons
12,000,000
Thailand DE, Import - Export
300,000
250,000
200,000
1000 t
DE
Imports
exports
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Thailand DMC
350,000,000
300,000,000
250,000,000
tons
200,000,000
150,000,000
100,000,000
fossils
minerals
50,000,000
biomass
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
0
Thailand DMI, DMC, DE per cap
6.0
5.0
year
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
DMI/cap
tons/cap
DMC/cap
DE/cap
Thailand Indicators per GDP
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1990
1991
1992
DMI/GDP
1993
1994
DMC/GDP
1995
1996
Imports/GDP
1997
1998
1999
exports/GDP
DMI - EKC Thailand 1990-1999
6.00
5.50
DMI/cap
5.00
4.50
4.00
y = 2.3819x - 0.0787
R2 = 0.9274
3.50
3.00
1.50
1.70
1.90
2.10
GDP/cap
EKC: Environmental Kuznet Curve
2.30
2.50