Transcript Introduction to the International Family of Classification

Introduction to the System of
Environmental-Economic Accounting for Water
Part II
Training Course on Water Accounting
Amman, Jordan
10-13 March 2008
Michael Vardon
United Nations Statistics Division
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Outline
• The economy
• Statistical units, enterprises and establishments
• Classification of units to industry
• The environment
• SEEAW
• Development
• Structure standard tables
• Indicators
• Countries implementing SEEAW
• Lessons from implementation
• Work by UNSD
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Water accounting
• Brings together economic and
environmental infromation
Economic
information
Integrated Environmental and
Economic information
Environmental
information
Environmental and
Economic Accounts
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Need to understand the building
blocks of environment and
economic statistics
• These are large fields and require
knowledge and experience to fully master
• It is possible to understand the basics
relatively quickly
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Statistical Units
A statistical unit is an entity about which information is sought and for which
statistics are ultimately compiled. It is the unit at the basis of statistical aggregates
to which tabulated data refer.
These units can be divided into two categories:
(a) observation units – identifiable legal/organizational or physical entities
which are able, actually or potentially, to report data about their activities;
(b) analytical units – entities created by statisticians (also referred to as
statistical constructs), often by splitting or combining observation units in
order to compile more detailed and more homogeneous statistics than it is
possible by using data on observation units. Analytical units are not able to
report data themselves about their activities, but there exist indirect methods
of statistical estimation.
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http://unstats.un.org/unsd/isdts/docs/StatisticalUnits.pdf
Establishment
Establishment
Establishment
Establishment n
Establishment n+1
Establishment n+2
Establishment
Establishment
Establishment
Establishment
Establishment
Establishment
Establishment 1
Establishment 2
Establishment 3
Households
Government
Enterprise n+2
Enterprise n+1
Enterprise n
Enterprise 6
Enterprise 5
Enterprise 4
Enterprise 3
Enterprise 2
Enterprise 1
Units of the economy
Economy
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Enterprises
Definition
• An institutional unit in its capacity as a producer
of goods and services is known as an enterprise.
An enterprise is an economic transactor with
autonomy in respect of financial and investment
decision-making, as well as authority and
responsibility for allocating resources for the
production of goods and services. It may be
engaged in one or more economic activities at one
or more locations. An enterprise may be a sole
legal unit.
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/isdts/docs/StatisticalUnits.pdf
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Establishments
Definition
• The establishment is defined as an enterprise or part of an
enterprise that is situated in a single location and in which
only a single productive activity is carried out or in which
the principal productive activity accounts for most of the
value added.
• In other words, an establishment can be defined, ideally, as
an economic unit that engages, under a single ownership or
control - that is, under a single legal entity – in one, or
predominantly one, kind of economic activity at a single
physical location - for example, a mine, factory or
workshop.
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/isdts/docs/StatisticalUnits.pdf
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Industrial Classification – what is
an industry?
• An industry is a grouping of establishments
engaged in the same or similar kinds of
activities
• The classification used in national accounts
and water accounts is the International
Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC)
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ISIC – International Standard
Industrial Classification
• Enterprises and establishments are classified using
ISIC Revision 4 according to the goods and
services they produce
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/default.asp
• Sometimes all establishments of an enterprise are
classified to the same ISIC code
• Sometimes establishments of the one enterprise
are classified to different ISIC classes.
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Enterprise
Enterprise
Industry n
Establishment
Establishment
Establishment
Enterprise n+2
Industry 2
Enterprise n+1
Enterprise n
Enterprise 6
Enterprise 5
Enterprise 4
Enterprise 2
Enterprise 2
Enterprise 1
Industry 1
Establishment n
Establishment n+1
Establishment n+2
Establishment 4
Establishment 5
Establishment 6
Establishment 1
Establishment 2
Establishment 3
Units and
industry classification
International
Standard Industrial
Classification
Economy
Government
Households
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National Accounts
• National Accounts aggregate the information on
the economy, obtained from the units of the
economy, into a standard format from which well
known indicators are derived
• Gross Domestic Product is the best known of the
indicators from the national accounts
• Use of international standard System of National
Accounts (SNA), classifications (e.g. ISIC) and
table formats allows for meaningful comparisons
over time and between countries
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The environment
• The environment has 4 components
• Land
• Atmosphere (Air)
• Water
• Life (biodiversity)
• Energy, and solar energy are also important in
environment statistics
• The components of the environment interact with
each other and with the economy
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The Hydrological Cycle
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Surface water
upstream
basins and
aquifers
outside
the territory
of reference
Soil water
(reservoirs, lakes, rivers,
snow, ice and glaciers)
Natural transfers
(e.g. infiltration,
seepage, etc.)
Inflows
downstream
basins and
aquifers
outside
the territory
of reference
Outflows
Groundwater
Sea
Collection of
precipitation
Sea
Returns
Evapotranspiration
Abstraction
Returns
• Integrates
information on the
economy and
environment
Inland Water Resource System
Abstraction
SEEAW
Evapotranspiration
Precipitation
Atmosphere
Returns
Sewerage
Households
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/SEEAWDraftManual.pdf
Other Industries
(incl. Agriculture)
Rest of
the World
Economy
Imports
Water collection,
treatment and supply
Exports
Economy
Rest of
the World
Economy
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Development of SEEA Water
• Sub-group on Water Accounting established at the 2003 meeting
of the London Group (Rome)
• Sep 2004 SEEA Water discussed at London Group Meeting
(Copenhagen)
• May 2005 1st draft SEEA Water discussed in by sub-group
(New York)
• May 2006 2nd Draft discussed at the User-Producer Conference
(Voorburg)
• Jun 2006 2nd Draft discussed by London Group and UNCEEA
• Jul-Dec 2006 SEEA Water finalised by electronic discussion
• More than 20 experts participated in the Sub-group
• UNSD coordinated the group and prepared the various
manuscripts
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SEEA Water – an interim
international statistical standard
• Part 1 of SEEA Water was adopted by the United
Nations Statistical Commission in March 2007 as
an interim statistical standard
• Part 2 contains the elements of SEEA Water for
which there is less country experience and there is
still some debate
• SEEA Water has been recognized as useful by the
users of information
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SEEW - Structure
9 Chapters, 2 parts:
• Part 1
• Ch 1. Introduction
• Ch. 2 Water Accounting Framework
• Ch. 3 Physical Supply and Use Tables
• Ch. 4 Emission Accounts
• Ch. 5 Hybrid and Economic Accounts
• Ch. 6 Asset Account
• Part II
• Ch. 7 Quality Account
• Ch. 8 Valuation
• Ch. 9 Policy use
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SEEW – Focus of workshop
9 Chapters, 2 parts:
• Part 1
• Ch 1. Introduction
• Ch. 2 Water Accounting Framework
• Ch. 3 Physical Supply and Use Tables
• Ch. 4 Emission Accounts
• Ch. 5 Hybrid and Economic Accounts
• Ch. 6 Asset Account
• Part II
• Ch. 7 Quality Account
• Ch. 8 Valuation
• Ch. 9 Policy use
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12 Standard Tables
Our focus will be on the first 8 tables and the 12th table
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Physical supply
Physical use
Gross and net emissions
Emissions by ISIC 37
Hybrid (Monetary and Physical) supply
Hybrid use
Hybrid supply and use
Hybrid water supply and sewerage for own use
Government accounts for water related collective consumption
services (Monetary)
10. National expenditure for waste management (Monetary)
11. Financial accounts for waste water management (Monetary)
12. Asset account (Physical)
12 Supplementary tables
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Example Standard Table VI:
Hybrid use table
Intermediate consumption of industries (by ISIC
categories)
Actual final consumption
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1
233,
4143
Tot
al
Physical and monetary units
Households
of
which:
Hydro
36
37
38,
39,
4599
Total
industry
Final
cons
umpt
ion
expe
nditu
res
Socia
l
transf
ers in
kind
from
Gover
nmen
t and
NPIS
Hs
Total
Govern
ment
Capital
formation
Exp
orts
Total intermediate consumption and use
(monetary units)
of which: Natural water (CPC 1800)
Sewerage services (CPC 941)
Total value added (monetary units)
Total use of water (physical units)
U1 - Total Abstraction
of which: a.1- Abstraction for own use
U2 - Use of water received from other
economic units
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Tot
al
use
s at
pur
cha
ser’
s
pric
e
Supplementary tables and further
disaggregation of data items
• The 12 SEEAW standard tables are the
minimum data that countries are encouraged
to compile
• Supplementary tables are presented
• Data items and industries can be further
disaggregated
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Example of disaggregated data
• The industry 12 SEEAW standard tables are
the minimum data that countries are
encouraged to compile
• Supplementary tables are presented
• Data items and industries can be further
disaggregated
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Indicators and policy uses of
SEEAW
Source of pressure on water resources:
• Macro trends in total water use, emissions, water
use by natural source and purpose, etc.
‘Decoupling’ economic growth and water use,
pollution
• Industry-level trends: indicators used for
environmental-economic profiles
• Technology and driving forces: water
intensity/productivity and total (domestic) water
requirements to meet final demand
• International transport of water and pollution
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Audiences for information
Public
Politicians
Indicators
Accounting
SNA, SEEA, SEEAW
Researchers
Policy Makers
Strategic planners
Micro data
Indicators are part of communicating information
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Indicators: economic growth and water pollution
Netherlands: water pollution and
economic growth, 1999-2001
120
115
110
nutrients
105
metals
100
wastewater
95
GDP
90
85
80
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
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Indicators: economic growth and water use
Botswana: water use and economic
Growth, 1993-1998
1.3 0
Volum e of w ater
1.2 5
Per capita w ater use
1.2 0
GDP per m 3 w ater
1.15
1.10
1.0 5
1.0 0
0 .9 5
0 .9 0
19 9 3 / 9 4
19 9 4 / 9 5
19 9 5 / 9 6
19 9 6 / 9 7
19 9 7 / 9 8
19 9 8 / 9 9
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Environmental Economic Profiles
Sweden 1995
Pulp, paper and paper products
0
20
40
60
80
100
Chem icals and chem ical products
0
20
40
60
80
100
P ro ductio n value
Value added
Ho urs wo rked
Use o f energy
Use o f self-supplied water
Use o f distributed water
Use o f water fo r co o ling
Use o f water in the industrial pro cess
Other uses o f water
Direct discharge o f wastewater
Discharge to M WWTP
EPE internal expenditures
EPE payments to M WWTP
EPI fo r wastewater
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International transport of pollution
Share of pollution in rivers in the Netherlands originating abroad
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Arsenic
Copper
Zinc
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Projecting future water demands
Australia 2050
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Key lessons from countries
implementing SEEA Water
1. Build on existing statistical/scientific knowledge and information
2. Cooperation essential
• Within statistical offices
• Between statistical offices, water departments, economic/planning
departments and agricultural departments
• With the water supply industry
• With the scientific and research communities
• Between users and producers of information
3. A phased approach is needed
• Start with issues of most importance. In general for water scarce
countries it has been water supply and use. In industrialized countries
it has been water pollution.
4. Pilot or experimental accounts are very useful
• Users will appreciate the benefits more easily with concrete examples,
even if they are small scale.
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22 countries have water accounts
(As report in the Global Assessment of Environmental
Statistics and Accounts 2006)
Australia
Mexico
Bhutan
Mongolia
Nauru
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Canada
New Zealand
China
Papua New Guinea
Colombia
Philippines
Denmark
South Africa
Spain
Dominican Republic
Sweden
Germany
Tanzania
India
Countries accounts are at different stages of
Israel
development
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11 countries want to develop water
accounts
(As report in the Global Assessment of Environmental
Statistics and Accounts 2006)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bahamas
Bolivia
Burkina Faso
Cuba
Georgia
Guatemala
•
•
•
•
•
Jordan
Kiribati
Mauritius
Tunisia
Turkey
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UNSD – current work on water
accounts and water statistics
• Developing International Recommendations for Water
Statistics
• Developing training materials
• Conducting training courses
• Assisting countries with implementation via:
• Country missions
• Telephone and email
• Work with other partners e.g. UN regional commissions and
other UN agencies, Medstat, OECD, Eurostat, World Bank,
Asian Development Bank.
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60 countries have requested assistance or
advice from UNSD on the implementation
of SEEAW
Algeria
Antigua and Barbuda
Armenia, Republic of
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Chile
China
Colombia
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Egypt
Georgia
Guatemala
India
Indonesia
Iraq
Israel
Jamaica
Jordan
Kiribati
Korea, Republic of
Kuwait
Lebanon
Mauritius
Mexico
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Oman
Palestine
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Syria
Tanzania
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
Vietnam
Yemen
Zimbabwe
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International Recommendations
for Water Statistics (IRWS)
• UNSD is developing IRWS
• The IRWS will define and support the compilation of basic
statistical data to support the SEEAW and the water
indicators used by international agencies (e.g. the FAO,
World Bank and UN MDGs)
• It will provide information on the concepts, sources and
methods needed for basic water statistics
• It will also provide practical guidance on the compilation
of water accounts and indicators
• A draft of the IRWS should be available for discussion in
mid-2008.
• An expert group meeting is planned to discuss the draft
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Contact details
Michael Vardon
Adviser on Environmental-Economic Accounting
United Nations Statistics Division
New York 10017 USA
Room DC2 1532
Phone: +1 917 367 5391
Fax: +1 917 363 1374
Email: [email protected]
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