Transcript 41381

CHANGING BEHAVIORS TO NURTURE
THE BIOSPHERE IS THE RIGHT THING
TO DO
John Cairns, Jr.
University Distinguished Professor of Environmental Biology Emeritus
Department of Biological Sciences
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, U.S.A.
February 2011
SAINT FRANCIS OF ASSISI STATED: “I WISH TO
COMPOSE A NEW ‘PRAISES OF THE LORD’ FOR HIS
CREATURES, . . . THESE CREATURES MINISTER TO OUR
NEEDS EVERY DAY. WITHOUT THEM WE COULD NOT
LIVE. . . . THE HUMAN RACE GREATLY OFFENDS THE
CREATOR [SINCE] EVERY DAY WE FAIL TO APPRECIATE SO
GREAT A BLESSING BY NOT PRAISING AS WE SHOULD
THE CREATOR AND DISPENSER OF ALL THESE GIFTS.”1*
*I am indebted to Karen Cairns for calling this quote to my attention.
SAINT FRANCIS OF ASSISI STARTED LIFE AS THE SON
OF A WEALTHY MAN, BUT LED A SIMPLE LIFE AFTER
HE HAD A VISION TO PROTECT AND ENJOY NATURE AS
BOTH THE STEWARD OF GOD’S CREATION AND AS A
CREATURE HIMSELF.
 Saint Francis obviously did not view other life forms as commodities or resources
but as fellow species having inherent worth well beyond their economic value, if
any.
 The present economic culture views everything in terms of its economic value.
 As a consequence, the present Biosphere is not viewed as the planet’s life
support system but rather as a miscellaneous collection of species, most of which
have little or no commercial value.
 The idea that protecting the environment (i.e., the Biosphere) is not acceptable if
it might hurt the economy is immoral.
ARGUABLY, HUMANKIND’S WORST SIN IS BIOTIC
IMPOVERISHMENT.
 “The enemy [of the biota] is chronic disturbance, cumulative and irreversible,
that moves the world systematically down the curve of biotic impoverishment,
place by place, until the effects fuse and end this phase in the evolution of the
biosphere.”2
 Humankind is creating, by continuing business as usual, an alien planet that may
no longer be suitable for Homo sapiens.
 In Saint Francis’ era, focusing on species and respecting and nurturing them was
expected. Science now knows that biotic communities are also a product of
evolution and must be nurtured if they are to persist.
 Reverence for life should be extended to include living systems.
HUMANKIND HAS DIFFICULTY FEELING EMPATHY
OR COMPASSION FOR A SYSTEM, ESPECIALLY FOR A
SYSTEM DISTANT IN SPACE OR TIME.
 However, if one lives in an ecosystem and observes it keenly for an extended
period of time, as Henry David Thoreau did at Walden Pond, the sensitivity for it
and other such systems can even be communicated to a vast number of people.
 Thoreau stated: “ . . . for a man is rich in proportion to the number of things he
can afford to let alone.”3
HOW CAN PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN CITIES OR
HIGHLY URBANIZED AREAS DEVELOP BIOPHILIA (AN
INSTINCTIVE BOND BETWEEN HUMAN BEINGS AND
OTHER LIVING SYSTEMS)?4
 City dwellers and suburban residents need the opportunity for more time in
natural systems.
 If possible, people could ensure that their houses have access to natural or seminatural systems. If not, they could spend time at natural preserves, vacation in
natural areas where they encounter few people, and hike natural trails.
“NATURE IS A SYSTEM OF INTERACTING PARTS. IT IS
DYNAMIC; IT IS STOCHASTIC; IT IS NON-LINEAR. WHEN
WILL HUMANS LEARN THESE FACTS?”5
 Not understanding nature (i.e., the universal laws of physics, chemistry, and
biology) can be costly, even fatal, which humankind is slowly learning.
 The solution is simple  stop damaging the biospheric life support system or
suffer.
 If the present Biosphere is forced into one or more tipping points, the human
economy will lose the renewable resources that it needs to function  what
then?
“MY FATHER RODE A CAMEL, I DRIVE A
MERCEDES, MY SON DRIVES A LAND ROVER, HIS
SON WILL DRIVE A LAND ROVER, BUT HIS SON WILL
RIDE A CAMEL.”6
 The cornucopian era facilitated by cheap, readily available petroleum is over. The
oil remaining is hard to retrieve and, therefore, expensive.
 Food riots confirm that approximately half the human population is already living
a marginal existence. Only a few percent of the nearly 7 billion are free of
hardship.
 Food riots will probably spread as food prices increase and agricultural
productivity decreases.
 This resource crisis could easily degenerate into anarchy, which will disrupt the
global economy.
HUMANKIND IS NOT NURTURING THE BIOSPHERE.
IT AND RENEWABALE RESOURCES, INCLUDING
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, ARE DECLINING WHILE
THE HUMAN POPULATION CONTINUES TO GROW
EXPONENTIALLY.
 How should both individual and national behavior change to meet these crises?
 “Riots over rising food prices and chronic unemployment spiraled out from
Algeria’s capital . . . with youths torching government buildings and shouting
‘Bring us sugar!’”7
 “Of all the epic structures the human race has devised, none if more staggering
or imposing than the Gap Between Rich and Poor . . .”8 The enormous gap
between the very poor and the ultra-rich has created riots where people are
starving and unemployed.
 Addressing these problems cannot be postponed until 2050 or even 2025.
IF HUMANKIND DOES NOT SLOW THE RATE OF
BIOSPHERIC CHANGE, SOCIAL UNREST, THEN RIOTING,
AND FINALLY ANARCHY WILL RESULT.
 Climate change is already having adverse effects upon agricultural productivity,
and unemployment and rapidly rising food prices have caused concern about
agroterrorism.
 Disgruntled people might strike all sorts of targets  power lines, bridges,
airports, factories, and so on. Large numbers of people would be needed to guard
them all effectively.
 Solving these crises will require much wisdom and less ideology.
SAINT FRANCIS COULD HAVE LED A WEALTHY LIFE,
BUT HE CHOSE TO LIVE A SIMPLE ONE.
 Economic growth/consumerism has damaged the Biosphere and increased the
gap between the wealthy and the poor.
 Billions are starving or malnourished, lack adequate medical care, housing,
education, potable water, and hopes for their future.
 Substantive changes in human behavior could reduce the risks of global crises.
 Humankind must redirect behavior to achieve sustainable use of the planet.
 What is human society waiting for?
Acknowledgments. I am indebted to Darla Donald for transcribing the handwritten
draft and for editorial assistance in preparation of the Power Point presentation.
References
1Murray,
W. 2008. A Mended and Broken Heart: The Life and Love of Francis of Assisi.
Basic Books, New York, p. 143.
2Woodwell, G. 2010. The biodiversity blunder. BioScience 60(11):870-871.
3Thoreau, H. D. 1854. Walden. Ticknor and Fields, Boston, MA.
4Wilson, E. O. 1984. Biophilia. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
5Disney, R. 2011. Personal communication. 29Jan.
6Attributed to Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, Emir of Dubai.
7Durden, T. 2011. Food riots commence as the Fed’s loose money policy leads to first
violence of 2011. ZeroHedge 6Jan http://www.zerohedge.com/article/food-riotscommence-feds-loose-money-policy-leads-first-violence-2011
8News. 2011. Gap between rich and poor named 8th wonder of the world. The Onion
24Jan http://www.theonion.com/articles/gap-between-rich-and-poor-named8th-wonder-of-the,18914/.