Transcript Economic growth

CHAPTER 1
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS:
CAUSES AND SUSTAINABILITY
CORE CASE STUDY 1
 HUMAN ACTIVITIES
1. Burning of fossil fuels,
deforestation
2. Role in global climate change causing
changes in farmland due to change
in water supply which alters abiotic
factors and decreases biodiversity
CORE CASE STUDY 1
 Increase in population and longer
life span leads to
1. More resource consumption
2. Degradation of air, water,
soil
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
 Study that integrates:
1. Natural Sciences—How earth
works
2. Social Sciences—How people
interact with earth
3. Living Sustainably—How to deal
with environmental problems
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DEFINITIONS
 Ecology: basic tool of environmental science that
studies relationships between biotic (living) and
abiotic (environmental factors)
 Environment: sum total of all biotic/abiotic
factors that affect any living thing
 Environmentalism: social movement (protect
earth’s life-support systems) and political
movement (passing laws, promoting solutions,
protesting harmful environmental actions)
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ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
 Ability to survive/adapt to changing
environmental conditions indefinitely
(durability)
 Natural Capital: Natural
resources/services that keep organisms
alive support economy
 Natural Resources: Nonrenewable (fixed
quantity) and renewable (replenished
fairly rapidly)
RESOURCES/SERVICES
 RESOURCES
1. Renewable—sun,
wind, air, soil, water,
biodiversity, land
2. Nonrewable—iron,
sand, fossil fuels,
nuclear
 SERVICES
1. Air/Water
Purification
2. Renewal
3. Recycling
4. Pest Control
5. Conservation
SUSTAINABILITY
 Recognizing degradation of natural
capital
 Using renewable resources faster
than nature can renew
 Changes that once took thousands
of years are now happening within
50-100 years due to population
SUSTAINABILITY
 Research solutions
 Resolving conflicts to develop solutions
 Trade-offs/Compromises
 Individuals matter such as groups
working to pass laws/finding alternatives
 Sound science: concepts/ideas widely
accepted by experts
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ENVIRONMENTALLY
SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY
 Meets current/future needs for
basic resources in a manner that
does not degrade or deplete natural
capital that supplies the resources
 Does not compromise the resources
for future generations
HOW FAST IS HUMAN
POPULATION GROWING?
 Growth slowing but still growing
exponentially
 7.3 billion people in world (2015)
 Approx. exponential growth rate for U.S.
0.7% (2013)
Worldwide 1.14% (2015)
http://www.rogerwendell.com/images/population/population_un_exponential_chart.gif
ECONOMICS
 Economic growth: country’s capacity to
provide goods and services for people
 Requires—
1. increase in population to create more
consumers and producers
2. more consumption/production per
person (or both)
ECONOMICS
 Gross Domestic Product—measurement
of percentage of change in economic
growth of country
 Annual market value of all goods/services
produced by all foreign and domestic
entities within a country
ECONOMICS
 Per capita GDP: changes in country’s economic
growth per person
 GDP/Total population at midyear
 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP): accounts for
differences in purchasing power for basics
necessities in different countries
 In country A and B, is the ratio of the number of
units of country A’s currency needed to purchase in
country A the same quantity of a specific good or
service as one unit of country B’s currency will
purchase in country B
PER CAPITA GDP PRACTICE
 Year
1
2
Real GDP
$50,000
$51,400
Population
200
202
 Calculate the growth rate of real GDP over the year.
 At this rate of growth, approximately how many years will
pass before real GDP doubles?
 Find real GDP per capita in each of the two years. Using
these two values, calculate the growth rate of real GDP
per capita over the year.
 At this rate of growth, approximately how many years will
pass before real GDP per capita doubles?
PER CAPITA GDP PRACTICE
 The rate of growth is [($51,400 $50,000)/$50,000] x 100 = 2.8%.
 The rule of 70 tells us that real GDP will double
in approximately 70/2.8 = 25 years.
 Real GDP per capita in year 1 is $50,000/200 =
$250, while in year 2 it is $51,400/202 =
$254.46. The growth rate of real GDP per
capita is then found as [($254.46 - 250)/250] x
100 = 1.78%.
 The rule of 70 suggests that real GDP per capita
GDP COUNTRY RANKINGS
 U.S., China, Japan, Germany, UK, France
(2015)
 GDP-PPP (2015)
China, U.S., India, Japan, Germany,
Russia
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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
 Improvement of human living standards
by economic growth
 Developed—Developing countries: based
on amount of industrialization and per
capita GDP-PPP
 About 97% projected world population
increase expected in developing countries
(to 2050)
POPUATION GROWTH
 Rule of 70: to calculate how long it will
take for a population to grow
exponentially to double in size.
 Doubling time (yrs)= 70/growth rate %
 1.23% growth rate in 2006 continued
70/1.23 = 57 years
RESOURCES
Anything obtained from environment to
meet needs/wants
Can be sustainable if renewed by natural
processes if not used faster than they
are replenished.
Perpetual, renewable, nonrewable
RESOURCES
 Perpetual resource—continuously renewed
(solar)
 Renewable resource—renewed fairly rapidly
(forest, grassland, wild animals, fresh water, air,
fertile soil)
 Nonrewable resources—cannot be renewed
within decades (100-1000 years)
RESOURCES
 Sustainable yield—highest rate a renewable
resource can be used indefinitely without
reducing available supply
 Environmental degradation—exceed a resource’s
natural replacement rate and supply begins to
shrink (urbanization of productive land,
excessive topsoil erosion, deforestration to
grow crops, depleting groundwater, reducing
biodiversity by destroying habitats/species
TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS
 Overuse of common property (free
access) causes resource degradation
 “I don’t use it, someone else will.”
 “The small amount of pollution I create
will not matter.”
 Solution: Self-regulate
 Solution: Government regulation
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ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
 Amount of biologically productive land and
water needed to supply an area with
resources and to absorb wastes and pollution
 Metric land measure: 1 hectare = 2.5 acre
 Forest with 10,000 acres; how many
hectares?
 Per capita ecological footprint: average
ecological footprint of an individual in area
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
 Footprint larger than ecological capacity,
renewable resources being used/degraded
faster than natural can renew and
wastes/pollution is building up faster than it
can be degraded.
 Footprints of U.S., China, European Union,
and India more than twice as large as
ecological capacities; Japan 5.6 times
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HUMAN FOOTPRINT VIDEO
 https://www.schooltube.com/video/cc56e57f78
b316839eae/National%20Geographic%20%20The%20Human%20Footprint%20[1/10]
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CoLjkTb81r
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HUMAN FOOTPRINT VIDEO
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHMMiLGKAY
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HUMAN FOOTPRINT VIDEO
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sxJma0Qed
2Y
RATE OF DEFORESTATION
Estimated 1 acre of forest per second being cleared
Another estimate: 80,000 acres per day
Third estimate: 32,000 ha per day
ANSWER (Convert ha/yr)
1 ACRE/SEC=1/2.5= 0.40 Ha/sec x 60 sec/min x 60
min/hr x 24 hrs/day x 365 days/yr = 12,614,400
cleared/yr
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Convert first two estimates to ha per year and
compare
REVIEW
 How many hectares (Ha) of land is a 500acre park?
 In 2011, 640,000 ha of the Amazon
rainforest were cleared. Approximately
how many hectares is that each day?
 A person’s ecological foot print is ____.
REVIEW ANSWERS
 200 ha
 73 ha
 The land needed to support all of a
person’s activities
NONREWABLE RESOURCES
 Economically depleted when the costs of
extracting and using what is left exceed
its economic value
 Recycling—collecting waste, processing
into new materials, and selling products
Aluminum cans crushed and melted to
make new
NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES
 Reuse—using resource in same form
glass bottles collected, washed, reused
Takes even less energy and produces less
pollution than recycling
POLLUTION
 Presence of chemicals at high enough
levels in air, water, soil, or food to
threaten health, survival, or activities of
humans or organisms
 Two sources
Point source: single, identifiable sources
(smokestacks)
POLLUTION
 Nonpoint sources: larger, dispersed, and
difficult to identify
(sprayed pesticides, fertilizer runoff,
golf courses, suburban lawns/gardens)
Less expensive to identify point source
POLLUTION UNWANTED
EFFECTS
 Disrupt, degrade life-support systems
 Damage wildlife, human health, property
 Create nuisances (noise, smells, tastes,
sights)
SOLUTIONS
 Pollution prevention (input control):
Reduces/eliminates production of
pollutants
 Pollution clean-up (output pollution
control): Cleaning up or diluting
pollutants after produced
POLLUTION CLEAN UP
 Temporary bandaid: Consumption
continues to grow continues to create
pollution (automobiles catalytic
converters)
 Cleans up one pollutant causing pollution
somewhere else
 Costs too much or impossible to reduce
POVERTY VERSUS AFFLUENZA
 Environmental problems due to
degradation of land
 Population growth requires more
degradation
 Affluenza: describes unsustainable
addictoin to overconsumption and
materialism exhibited in lifestyles
CULTURAL CHANGES
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Gatherers-agriculturalindustrial-medical
Higher standards of living
More industrialization
Lower infant mortality
Longer life span
Increase pollution, degradation, biodiversity
depletion
PRINCIPLES OF
SUSTAINABILITY
 Reliance on solar energy
 Biodiversity gene pools have created
adaptations
 Population control to prevent exhausting
of natural resource
 Nutrient Recycling
 (Mimic nature)
SUSTAINABILITY
 Pollution prevention (not cleanup)
 Waste prevention/reduction (not
disposal)
 Habitat protection (not protecting
species)
 Environmental restoration (not
degradation)
SUSTAINABILITY
 More efficient resource use (not
increased use)
 Decreasing birth rates (not population
growth)
 Protect natural capital (not depleting and
degrading)