Transcript Nutrition
NUTRITION 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 1 SAN JOSE UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT SCIENCE CONTENT STANDARD, BENCHMARKS, AND KNOWLEDGE SKILLS S2 THE STUDENT UNDERSTANDS AND APPLIES THE CONCEPTS OF LIFE SCIENCE S2(9-10)B11 Understands the scientific basis for maintaining optimal human health as well as current sociological hazards S2(9-10)B11.1 Understands general causes for disease (e.g., genetic, birth defects, infectious agents, chemical, poor nutrition). S2(9-10)B11.2 Understands the role of various agents (e.g., bacteria, virus, protozoans) in infectious diseases, effective means of treatment (e.g., antibiotics, radiation) and prevention (e.g., avoiding contact, vaccination). S2(9-10)B11.3 Understands cause, prevention and effects of HIV/AIDS. S2(9-10)B11.4 Understands human mechanisms for combating disease (e.g., skin, tears, immune system, production of antibodies, white blood cells, lymphocytes, inflammation, allergic reactions). S2(9-10)B11.5 Understands the how drugs, alcohol and tobacco affect the human body (e.g, depressants, addiction, birth defects). S2(9-10)B11.6 Understands the role of nutrition, rest and exercise in maintaining optimum human health. 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 2 TEENAGE OBESITY 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 3 How Many Children in the United States Are Obese? About one quarter of American children are obese (body weight in excess of 20% of norm) Prevalence of obesity has risen overall in America Most overweight children become overweight adults Children need to eat breakfast before school Parents need to be involved in the treatment of juvenile obesity Overweight children and adolescents Often are rejected by peers Perform poorly in sports Tend to like their bodies less than children of normal weight 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 4 The Causes of Obesity Heredity Identical twins raised apart Number of fat cells (adipose tissue) Hunger drive is connected to number of fat cells More fat cells – feel hunger sooner Environmental factors Obese parents may model poor dietary and exercise habits Sedentary habits TV watching encourages snacking, exposes children to commercials for food and is low physical activity Stressors and emotional reactions 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 5 Are Children in the United States Physically Fit? Most children in the United States are not physically fit Two thirds fail to meet presidential standards Reasons for decline in fitness? Sedentary leisure activities (e.g., TV, computer games) Participation in sports declines after age 10 Fit children usually have parents who exercise and encourage them to exercise 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 6 Helping Children Lose Weight 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 7 Helping Children Lose Weight Do not insist the entire family eat at the same time Substitute low calorie foods Do not push child to finish the plate Have low calorie snacks available Do not cook, eat or display fattening foods Involve child in more activities Do not take child food shopping Do not snack in front of T.V. Positive reinforcement Practice what you preach 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 8 Health in Adolescence 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 9 Physical Fitness Most adolescents in U.S. rarely get enough exercise Some get exercise through organized sports (football most popular with boys and basketball most popular with girls) Sports participation can enhance self-esteem, teach initiative & teamwork 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 10 Nutritional Needs of Adolescents Many U.S. teens eat fast-food diets that are high in fat and sodium and lack calcium and iron Rapid growth Average girl – 2,200 calories Average boy – 3,000 calories Need for calcium – bone growth Nutritional deficits Irregular eating habits Fast food or junk food 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 11 EATING DISORDERS 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 12 Eating Disorders Extreme disturbances in eating patterns Anorexia and bulimia: both primarily affect adolescent girls and are influenced by experience (cultural standards for appropriate body weight), family dynamics, and heredity 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 13 Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Characterized by fear of being overweight Distorted body image and refusal to eat 4 to 5% mortality rate 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 14 Eating Disorders Bulimia Characterized by recurrent cycles of binge eating and purging 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 15 Origins of Eating Disorders Psychoanalytic perspective Anorexia is an effort to remain prepubescent Family control issues Child abuse, sexual abuse are risk factors Social-cognitive perspective Personal perfectibility (an unreachable goal) Genetic factors 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 16 Treatment and Prevention of Eating Disorders Antidepressants Family therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapy 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 17 DIET 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 18 A healthy diet satisfies three needs enough kilocalories (fuel) to satisfy our energy needs raw materials for making the body’s own macromolecules essential nutrients that the body cannot make 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 19 Diet influences cardiovascular disease and cancer BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTORS Fatty diet UNAVOIDABLE RISK FACTORS High blood cholesterol High blood pressure Lack of exercise Aging Family history CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Smoking 4/13/2015 Being male Bryan James Cowley MA 20 Body fat and fad diets The human body tends to store excess fat molecules instead of using them for fuel A balanced diet includes adequate amounts of all nutrients 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 21 Fad diets are often ineffective & harmful 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 22 ENERGY 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 23 Chemical energy powers the body Once nutrients are inside cells, they can be oxidized by cellular respiration to generate energy This energy is in the form of ATP 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 24 The energy a resting animal requires each day to stay alive is its basal metabolic rate (BMR) 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 25 More energy is required for an active life Excess energy is stored as glycogen or fat 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 26 Six elements of nutrition 1. Vitamins 2. Minerals 3. Carbohydrates 4. Proteins (made from amino acids) 5. Fats 6. Water 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 27 VITAMINS 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 28 A healthy diet includes 13 vitamins Most of these vitamins function as coenzymes (work together with other nutrients) They have no caloric or energy value Cannot function properly without minerals Two types: Fat soluble & Water soluble 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 29 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA (Water-soluble vitamins) 30 (Fat-soluble vitamins) 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 31 MINERALS 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 32 Essential minerals are required for many body functions Minerals are elements other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen They play a variety of roles in the body Minerals are stored in bone and muscle tissue 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 33 Minerals The body cannot make minerals There are two groups of minerals Macro Micro Body requires large amounts of Bulk or Macro minerals (Calcium,Magnesium,Manganese) The body requires small amounts of micro or trace minerals (Zinc, copper, selenium, iodine, potassium) 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 34 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 35 CARBOHYDRATES 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 36 Carbohydrates (C6H12O6) The body’s main source of energy Digestion converts starches and sugars to glucose If the body lacks sufficient Carbohydrates it will use protein as a fuel Excessive carbohydrates are converted to fat To avoid this kind of fat replace high glycemic foods (soda, sugar, white starches) with low glycemic foods (whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes) 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 37 PROTEINS 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 38 Proteins (made from amino acids) Proteins are found in meat, fish, dairy products and legumes (beans) They function to build and repair tissue Two types of protein, complete and incomplete Complete provides a balance of all 8 amino acids Incomplete needs to be combined with other complete forms to be effective 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 39 Proteins (made from amino acids) Amino Acids Of the 23 known Amino Acids 8 of them are considered essential These 8 are derived only from food and not manufactured within the body. 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 40 Proteins (made from amino acids) These 8 essential amino acids are: Histidine (infants and children) Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 41 Vegetarians must be sure to obtain all eight essential amino acids The eight essential amino acids that adults require must be obtained from food ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS They are easily obtained from animal protein Methionine Valine (Histidine) Threonine They can also be obtained from the proper combination of plant foods Phenylalanine Corn Leucine Isoleucine Tryptophan Lysine 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA Beans and other legumes 42 FATS 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 43 Fats There are primarily two types of fat, saturated and unsaturated Saturated fats are produced primarily from animal sources and have a high cholesterol Unsaturated fats (mono or poly unsaturated) are from vegetable sources which contain no cholesterol 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 44 Fats (Cholesterol) Cholesterol is used to transport fat to cells throughout the body. Cholesterol can clog arteries with plaque deposits over time. There are two types of cholesterol HDL (high density lipoprotein) and LDL (Low density lipoprotein). HDL helps the body to remove LDL. As a general rule more HDL is good and less LDL is good 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 45 WATER 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 46 Water One half to 4/5 the bodies weight MOST IMPORTANT nutrient. Body can function for a few weeks without food but only days without water Required for digestive process. Removes waste You should drink about eight 8 ounce glasses (one 2 liter bottle) each day 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 47 STAGES OF NUTRITION 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 48 Six Stages of Nutrition 1. Diet 2. Digestion 3. Absorption 4. Circulation 5. Assimilation 6. Elimination 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 49 Six Stages of Nutrition Diet 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 50 Six Stages of Nutrition Digestion 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 51 Six Stages of Nutrition Absorption 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 52 Six Stages of Nutrition Circulation 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 53 Six Stages of Nutrition Assimilation 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 54 Six Stages of Nutrition Elimination 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 55 FOOD LABELS 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 56 What do food labels tell us? Food labels provide important nutritional information about packaged foods 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 57 Table 21.20 4/13/2015 Bryan James Cowley MA 58