Comments on Designing the Microbial Research Commons
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Transcript Comments on Designing the Microbial Research Commons
Comments on
Designing the Microbial Research
Commons: Digital Knowledge
Resources
Katherine J. Strandburg
New York University School of Law
PERSPECTIVE FOR COMMENTS:
IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL NORMS AND
RESEARCHER PREFERENCES
HOMO SCIENTIFICUS PREFERENCES:
1) Performing research
2) Autonomy in research direction
3) Learning results of the collective research
enterprise
Scarce resources needed to satisfy preferences:
- Funding
- Attention of others
Access to these resources is mediated by
publication – if OA is to succeed it must align
with these preferences
I. OA JOURNALS
THREE PATHS TO OA
Open Access Journals (perhaps based at
universities)
Existing Journal Adoption of Open Access
approach
Parallel OA manuscript repositories and
“proprietary” journals
THE IMPORTANCE OF IMPACT FACTOR
Emphasis on high status publications
exacerbated by recent trend to quantify
publication records using impact factor
Table 3 (p. 67):
IF of OA journals: 4.0 (with range up to 9)
IF of restrictive journals: 5.77 (with range up to 50!!)
IF of 50 trumps long-term belief in value of OA
OA models cannot depend on scientists
foregoing publication in high impact journals
IF is path dependent and sticky – network effects,
preferential attachment, “Matthew effect”
Scientists unlikely to “vote with their feet” for the OA
mode
OTHER BARRIERS TO UNIVERSITY
PUBLISHED OA JOURNALS
Problems with the law review model
Proliferation of journals b/c each university needs 1 (or
2 or 5)
Overly fine-tuned ranking of journals (rather than post
hoc ranking based on citation) over-emphasis on
“placement”
Grad students are not law students
No need for publication venue
No time for journal editing functions
Is law review publication really faster?
Anecdotally, physics is 3 to 6 months
Microbial research?
Not convinced of synergies with university
educational mission
JOURNAL ADOPTION OF OA?
Unlikely b/c of bargaining power due to IF as
discussed above
IP laws protect proprietary approaches and
reform is difficult
Some movement is seen, but direct pressure on
high impact journals is difficult
OA “tier” (e.g. Springer “Open Choice”)
problematic if payment competes with spending
on research
Journal versions of OA not entirely satisfactory
MANUSCRIPT REPOSITORIES
Circumvent the need to get journals to change
their practices
Need journal acquiescence only
Separate things that universities can do easily
and well from things that are more difficult or
harder to dislodge
Good manuscript and good data mining, etc.
Hard copy printing, credentialing service
Deposit can be mandated by funding agencies to
grant recipients
Solves collective action problem
Aligns incentives
MANUSCRIPT REPOSITORIES
NIH Experience
Journals do not prohibit deposit in such repositories
Federal Research Public Access Act of 2009
Recently introduced in the Senate
Mandates agencies to ensure open access deposit of peerreviewed manuscripts < 6 months after publication
Consistent with Obama administration Open Government push
Mitigates concerns with database protection
statutes in Europe
No more sole source
Could integrate with material/data repositories
Users of data must deposit manuscripts
data and materials associated with manuscripts must
be deposited
WHAT ABOUT PROPRIETARY
JOURNALS?
May adapt to “service provider” role
page charges
Hard copies
Archival version
“better” or “premium” database services (competing
with the OA repository)
May not be commercially viable
Scientific societies
Universities
“Knowledge hubs”
Could replace them, take them over, partner
Manuscript repositories = path to some OA outcome
II. DATA DEPOSITORIES
Similar to issue of material and research tool
sharing (see earlier publications)
Collective action problem – temptation to
withdraw w/o contributing
Scientist A
II. DATA DEPOSITORIES
Share
Other Scientists
Share
Don't Share
U(N)+M+R-C
U(1)+M+R-C
Don't Share U(N)+E–P
U(1) +E-P
U(.): value of the database, depends on N
M: first mover advantage regarding A’s data
E: incremental value of exclusive use of A’s data
R: reputational value of contributing, including attribution
P: penalty for not contributing
C: cost (including opportunity cost) of contributing
Contribute iff: R+P-C > E-M: U(N) doesn’t matter!
II. DATA DEPOSITORIES
• Roughly speaking, then, success of depository
depends on R+P-C > E-M
• Reduce costs!! (Cf. “Empty Archives,” Nature,
9/10/09)
– Easy formats
– No direct fees
• Provide rewards for contributing (e.g. attribution)
– Note these rewards must compete w/ rewards for
sharing informally with collaborators
• Provide penalties for non-contribution (funder
requirements to contribute)
• Depositories work best for interdependent data
II. DATA DEPOSITORIES
• Moral Hazard and Industry Scientists
– Withdraw w/o contributing problems may be much
greater for industry scientists
• Different motivations
• Less concern w/ reputation, funding, etc.
• Greater access to secrecy
– Should we be concerned?
• If so, may want to consider semi-commons approach
• Fee for service or data for data