Transcript Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry and
Biochemistry
The study of carbon-containing
compounds and their properties.
The vast majority of organic
compounds contain chains of rings of
carbon atoms.
The study of the chemistry of living
things.
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Hydrocarbons
. . . compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen.
Saturated: carbon-carbon bonds are all single alkanes [CnH2n+2]
H H
H C
C H
H H
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Hydrocarbons
(continued)
Unsaturated: contains carbon-carbon
multiple bonds.
H H
H C
H
C
H
C
H
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Rules for Naming Alkanes
1.
For alkanes beyond butane, add -ane to
the Greek root for the number of carbons.
C-C-C-C-C-C = hexane
2. Alkyl substituents: drop the -ane and
add -yl.
-C2H5 is ethyl
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Rules for Naming Alkanes
3.
Positions of substituent groups are
specified by numbering the longest chain
sequentially.
C

C-C-C-C-C-C
3-methylhexane
4.
Location and name are followed by root
alkane name. Substituents in alphabetical
order and use di-, tri-, etc.
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Substitution Reactions
Primarily where halogen atoms replace
hydrogen atoms.
CHCl 3  Cl 2
h
CCl 4  HCl
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Cyclic Alkanes
Carbon atoms can form rings containing
only carbon-carbon single bonds.
C3H6, C4H8, C6H12
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Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain a carboncarbon double bond. [CnH2n]
CC=C
propene
Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing a carboncarbon triple bond.
CCCCC
2-pentyne
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Nomenclature for Alkenes
1.
Root hydrocarbon name ends in -ene
C2H4 is ethene
2.
With more than 3 carbons, double bond
is indicated by the lowest numbered carbon
atom in the bond.
C=CCC is 1-butene
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Addition Reactions
. . . in which (weaker)  bonds are broken and
new (stronger)  bonds are formed to
atoms being added.
catalyst
CH2  CHCH3  H2  CH3CH2CH3
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Aromatic Hydrocarbons
A special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Cl
FeCl3

+ Cl2 
benzene
+ HCl
Chlorobenzene
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The Common Functional Groups
Class
Halohydrocarbons
Alcohols
Ethers
Aldehydes
General Formula
RX
ROH
ROR
O
R C H
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The Common Functional Groups
Class
Ketones
General Formula
O
R C R'
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Amines
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O
R C OH
O
R C O R'
RNH2
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Polymers
. . . are large, usually chainlike molecules that
are built from small molecules called
monomers.
Monomer
Polymer
Ethylene
Polyethylene
Vinyl chloride
Polyvinyl chloride
Tetrafluoroethylene Teflon
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Types of Polymerization
Addition Polymerization: monomers “add
together” to form the polymer, with no other
products. (Teflon)
Condensation Polymerization: A small
molecule, such as water, is formed for each
extension of the polymer chain. (Nylon)
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Proteins
•Natural polymers made up of -amino acids
(molecular weight from  6000 to >1,000,000
g/mol).
•Fibrous Proteins: provide structural integrity
and strength to muscle, hair and cartilage.
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Proteins
(continued)
•






Globular Proteins:
roughly spherical shape
transport and store oxygen and nutrients
act as catalysts
fight invasion by foreign objects
participate in the body’s regulatory system
transport electrons in metabolism
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-Amino Acids
NH2 always attached to the -carbon (the
carbon attached to COOH)
H
H2N C
•C = -carbon
COOH
R
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Bonding in -Amino Acids
•
H
H O H H
N C
H
R
C
N C
R'
O
+ H2O
C
OH


•
A peptide linkage
•There are 20 amino acids commonly found in
proteins.
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Levels of Structure
•Primary: Sequence of amino acids in the protein
chain.
•Secondary: The arrangement of the protein chain
in the long molecule (hydrogen bonding
determines this).
•Tertiary: The overall shape of the protein
(determined by hydrogen-bonding, dipole-dipole
interactions, ionic bonds, covalent bonds and
London forces).
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Carbohydrates
•Food source for most organisms and
structural material for plants.
•Empirical formula = CH2O
•Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
 pentoses - ribose, arabinose
 hexoses - fructose, glucose
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Carbohydrates
(continued)
•Disaccharides (formed from 2 monosaccharides
joined by a glycoside linkage)
 sucrose (glucose + fructose)
•Polysaccharides (many monosaccharide units)
 starch, cellulose
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Nucleic Acids
•DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids): stores and
transmits genetic information, responsible (with
RNA) for protein synthesis. (Molar mass =
several billion)
•RNA (ribonucleic acid): helps in protein
synthesis. (Molecular weight = 20,000 to
40,000)
 messenger RNA
 transfer RNA
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