Transcript organic
Functional Groups • Group of atoms that gives a family of organic compounds its characteristic chemical and physical properties • Alkyl group: derived from alkane by removing a H – R stands for alkyl group in general • C2H5OH, ethanol • Made industrially and by fermentation – Industrially produced alcohol has noxious substances added • Small, simple alcohols tend to be toxic Multifunctional Alcohols • Several common alcohols have more than one –OH group • Ethylene glycol: main ingredient in antifreeze • Glycerol: used in lotions – Ingredent in some explosives Phenol • –OH group on benzene ring – Different chemical properties than other alcohols – Behaves more like an acid • First antiseptic – Also causes skin irritation OH Ethers • Two alkyl groups attached to same O – Example CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3 • Used mainly as solvent • Little chemical reactivity – Insoluble in water – Highly flammable Amines • Contain N • May have 1, 2, or 3 alkyl or aromatic groups • Most biological amines are amino acids – Building blocks of proteins Aldehydes and Ketones • Both contain carbonyl group (C=O) • Aldehyde: R-CHO • Ketone: R-CO-R’ Common Aldehydes • • • • Change -e ending to -al Produced by oxidation of alcohols Formaldehyde – used as a preservative Larger ones used as fragrances – Benzaldehyde – flavor in maraschino cherries O C H Common Ketones • Change -e ending to -one • Acetone most common ketone – Used primarily as a solvent • Produced by oxidation of alcohols O C H3C CH 3 Amides • N bonded directly to carbonyl group • Linkage that holds proteins together O R'' R N R' Esters • Derived from carboxylic acids and alcohols • Tend to be fragrant – – – – Methyl butyrate Ethyl butyrate Ethyl formate Methyl salicylate apple pineapple rum wintergreen Heterocyclic Compounds • Ring compounds that have something other than C in the ring • Occur in plants – Alkaloids: basic in solution – Examples: caffeine, morphine, cocaine • Form basic structure of DNA