Transcript Chapter 25 & 26 Notes, part II

Chapter 25 & 26 Notes, part II
Alkenes, Alkynes and Functional Groups
Alkenes
Up to now, we have only talked about carbons
that are single bonded. They have been
saturated—they have a hydrogen in every
possible position.
Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least
one double bond in the carbon chain.
Naming Alkenes
To name an alkene, count the number of
carbons in the main chain and use the prefix,
then end it in –ene.
If there is more than one spot where a double
bond could occur, number it just like you
would number a substituent.
Alkynes
An alkyne is a hydrocarbon that contains at
least one triple bond.
Both alkenes and alkynes are considered
unsaturated, because more hydrogens could
be added if the double or triple bonds were
broken.
Naming Alkynes
To name an alkyne, count the number of
carbons in the main chain and use the prefix,
then end it in –yne.
If there is more than one spot for a triple bond,
number it just like you would number a
substituent.
Functional Groups
A specific arrangement of atoms in an organic
compound that is capable of characteristic
chemical reactions is called a functional
group.
We will look at the structure and name of
several functional groups.
Alcohols (R-OH)
The functional group –OH is called a hydroxyl
group. A hydrocarbon with a hydroxyl group
attached is an alcohol.
To name an alcohol, drop the –e ending from
the parent alkane and add –ol.
If there is more than one spot where a hydroxyl
group can go, number it just like a
substituent.
Carboxylic acids (R-COOH)
A carboxyl group is a carbon with an oxygen
double bonded to it and an oxygen single
bonded to it and single bonded to a hydrogen.
To name a carboxylic acid, take the –e off of the
end of the parent alkane and add –oic acid.
Amines (R-NH2)
Amines are an ammonia based organic
compound. It consists of a carbon chain
connected to an amine group.
Amines are closely related to amino acids—they
are amines with a carboxyl group.
Amines are named by taking the parent alkane,
drop the -e and adding the ending –amine.
Other Functional Groups
Ethers
R-O-R
Aldehydes
O
R-C-H
Ketones
O
R-C-R
Esters
O
R-C-O-R