Transcript Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds
By the end of the unit you should be able to define and
understand the following words.
1. Hydrocarbon
2. Alkane
3. Alkene
4. Alkyne
5. Alcohol
You should be able to name, draw, and give the chemical
formula for:
1. The first 10 alkanes
2. The first 10 alkenes
3. The first 10 alkynes
4. The first 5 alcohols
Carbon
Both inorganic and organic forms of carbon occur widely in nature
Organic compounds: A covalently bonded compound in which carbon
forms the backbone of the molecule. Organic compounds are considered
the compounds of life. Ex: Glucose.
Inorganic compounds: A covalently bonded simple carbon compound
in which carbon is not bonded to another carbon or to a hydrogen. Ex:
Carbon dioxide.
There are three main reasons that carbon can form thousands of different
molecules and is well suited to be the backbone of organic molecules:
1. Each carbon atom has 4 electrons in its outer orbital. This allows
carbon to make up to 4 covalent bonds because the outer orbital
can hold 8 electrons.
Electron orbital diagram of carbon
Covalent bond
Covalent bond
Covalent bond
Covalent bond
2. Carbon can form single, double or triple bonds.
H
H
H-C-H
H
H
H-C
C=C
H
C-H
H
3. Carbon atoms have a tendency to bond with each other to form
long straight chains, branched chains and rings.
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are simple compounds consisting of carbon and
hydrogen only.
The ten hydrocarbon prefixes:
Meth: 1 carbon
Eth: 2 carbons
Prop: 3 carbons
But: 4 carbons
Pent: 5 carbons
Hex: 6 carbons
Hept: 7 carbons
Oct: 8 carbons
Non: 9 carbons
Dec: 10 carbons
There are three groups of hydrocarbons:
1. Alkanes: Formula CnH2n+2
2. Alkenes: Formula CnH2n
n = the number of carbons.
3. Alkynes: Formula CnH2n-2
The Alkanes
The alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds.
The formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2.
The names are derived by taking the prefix for the number of
carbons it contains and adding the suffix – ane.
Ex: 4 carbon alkane = But-ane or butane.
The First 2 Alkanes
Name:
Structural formula:
Chemical formula:
H
Methane:
H
CH4
H
C
H
H
H
C2H6
Ethane:
H
C
C
H
H
H
The Alkenes
The alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain one double bond
between two of its carbons.
The formula for alkenes is CnH2n.
The names are derived by taking the prefix for the number of
carbons it contains and adding the suffix – ene.
Ex: 4 carbon alkene = But-ene or butene.
The First 2 Alkenes
The first alkene is a two carbon compound because it takes at
least two carbons to form a double bond.
Name:
Structural formula:
H
Ethene
H
C
C
H
Propene
H
Chemical formula:
C2H4
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
C3H6
H
The Alkynes
The alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain one triple bond
between two of its carbons.
The formula for alkynes is CnH2n-2.
The names are derived by taking the prefix for the number
of carbons it contains and adding the suffix – yne.
Ex: 4 carbon alkyne = But-yne or butyne.
The First 2 Alkynes
The first alkyne is a two carbon compound because it takes
at least two carbons to form a triple bond.
Name:
Ethyne:
Structural formula:
H
C
C
Chemical formula:
C2H2
H
H
Propyne:
H
C
H
C
C
H
C3H4
Alcohols
An important group of compounds derived from hydrocarbons
are alcohols.
Alcohols are produced by replacing one hydrogen on an alkane
with the alcohol group, which is the –OH group.
The names are derived by taking the prefix for the number
of carbons it contains and adding the suffix – anol.
Ex: 4 carbon alcohol = But-anol or butanol.
The First 2 Alcohols
Name:
Structural formula:
Chemical formula:
H
H
Methanol:
C
OH
CH3OH
H
Ethanol:
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
OH
C2H5OH
Ethanol, which can be produced by fermentation of fruits or
grains by using yeast is one of the oldest and most widely used
recreational drugs in the world. Typically taken in the form of
an alcoholic beverage. All alcohols, including ethanol, are
poisons. Even ethanol can be deadly in high dosages. Ethanol
is less poisonous than other alcohols because the body easily
breaks it down.
Butanol is used as a base for perfumes.
Methanol is a volatile, flammable, poisonous liquid that is
used as antifreeze, a solvent and fuel. Also referred to as
wood alcohol, it is a poison that attacks the central nervous
system causing blindness or death.
Copy and complete in your homework/class-work
assignment unit #2
(5 points)
1. Give the name, structural formula, and condensed formula for
the 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 carbon alkanes.
2. Give the name, structural formula, and condensed formula for
the 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 carbon alkenes.
3. Give the name, structural formula, and condensed formula for
the 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 carbon alkynes.
4. Give the name, structural formula, and condensed formula for
the 3, 4, 5 carbon alcohols.