Transcript Hydrocarbons and Funcitonal Groups

Hydrocarbons and Functional
Groups
Chapters 22 and 23
Organic
• In Chemistry, organic means “containing
carbon”
• The simplest organic compounds are
hydrocarbons which contain only Hydrogen
and Carbon
• Carbon has 4 valence electrons, and forms
four covalent bonds.
• It is the basis for life on Earth.
Alkanes
• An alkane is a hydrocarbon that contains only
single covalent bonds.
• Alkanes are nonpolar, do not mix with water,
have weak van der Waals forces, and low
boiling points.
Memorizing Alkanes
Name
Molecular Formula
Methane
CH4
Ethane
C2H6
Propane
C3H8
Butane
C4H10
Pentane
C5H12
Hexane
C6H14
Heptane
C7H16
Octane
C8H18
Nonane
C9H20
Decane
C10H22
You must memorize the
names of the first 10
alkanes!
Naming Alkanes
• 1. Find the longest (parent) chain, count the carbons,
name it.
• 2. Number the carbons so that the branches get the
smallest numbers they can.
• 3. Name the branches based on how many carbons
they have, and at what carbon they branch off of.
• 4. If branches appear twice, use di, 3 times use tri.
• 5. Put the branch names in alphabetical order.
Practice
Name the following compound.
1. Identify the parent chain.
2. Number the carbons in the sequence.
Pentane
3. Add numbers to the names of the substituent groups to identify their
positions on the chain.
2-methylpentane
Practice #2
Name the following compound.
1. Identify the parent chain.
2. Number the carbons in the sequence.
Pentane
Lesson 7.0 Organic Chemistry
3c. Add numbers to the names of the substituent groups to identify their
positions on the chain.
2,4 - (substituent group) pentane
2,4-methylpentane
4. Use prefixes to indicate the appearance of the group more than once
in a structural formula.
2,4-dimethylpentane
Practice #3
Name the following compound.
1. Identify the parent chain.
2. Number the carbons in the sequence
Heptane
Lesson 7.0 Organic Chemistry
3. Add numbers to the names of the substituent groups to identify their
positions on the chain.
2 - (substituent group)-3-(substituent group)heptane
2-methyl-3-ethylheptane*
*this is NOT the final name of this molecule
4. Use prefixes to indicate the appearance of the group more than once
in a structural formula.
Only one of each type of substituent is present in the final molecule
5. List the names of the alkyl substituents in alphabetical order.
3-ethyl-2methylheptane
Alkenes and Alkynes
• Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain one or
more double covalent bonds. Hydrocarbons
that contain one or more carbon triple bonds
are called alkynes.
Hydrocarbon rings
• Cyclic hydrocarbons are shaped like rings
instead of chains.
• Benzene is a 6 carbon ring called an aromatic
compound. Every other bond is a double
bond.
Functional Groups
• A functional group is a group of atoms added
to a hydrocarbon.
Functional Groups
Compound Type
Structure
Functional Group
Uses
Alcohol (-ol)
R-OH
Hydroxyl
Labs, hospitals,
cosmetics, fuel
Ether
R-O-R
Ether
Anesthesia,
perfume
Aldehyde (-al)
Carbonyl
Flavoring,
preservatives
Ketone (-one)
Carbonyl
Plastics, nail polish
remover
Carboxylic Acid
Carboxyl
Vinegar, wine
Ester
Ester
Fruit flavors,
fragrances