Transcript ATP
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE Sugar •Food molecules are the $1000 dollar bills of energy storage •Food molecules function as fuel molecules, storing large quantities of energy in a stable form over long periods of time! They are the long-term energy currency of the cell. •For “pocket change”, cells require a molecule that stores much smaller quantities of energy and that can be used and re-charged! •This molecule is adenosine triphosphate or ATP !!!!! •ATP collects small packets of energy from the food burning power plants(mitochondria) of the cell and transports this energy to where it is needed! •ATP moves muscles or forces a seedling out of the ground or forms sucrose in the cells or….. or……. or……. •When a fatty acid is burned, energy is given off. Some of this energy is trapped in the molecules of ATP and some is lost in the form of HEAT ! •The energy carrying part of an ATP molecule is the triphosphate “tail”. Three phosphate groups are joined by covalent bonds. The electrons in these bonds carry ENERGY ! Draw and Label the ATP molecule TRI PHOSPHATE (3 PHOSPHATES) RIBOSE SUGAR ADENINE ATP OR ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE Tri-phosphate Group Ribose Sugar Adenine •At the energy requiring site, the last phosphate group in the tail breaks off and ENERGY is released to do WORK for the cell ! ATP ADP + Pi + ENERGY •This new molecule— adenosine diphosphate (do you get it?? di??) does not hold as much energy and needs to be recharged—so to the power plants of the cell (mitochondria) it goes to pick up a phosphate group to become ATP once again !!!! ADP + Pi + ENERGY ATP ATP ADP Respiration: Breaking glucose down to make ATP There are two types of respiration: Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria. CELLULAR RESPIRATION No Oxygen Present Alcohol Fermentaion Pyruvic Acid OR Pyruvate Lactic Acid Fermentation In the cytoplasm With Oxygen Present 36 ATP Cytoplasm 2 2 32 Aerobic Respiration—Produces 36 ATP molecules !!! WHOA !!! 2 Pyruvic Acid Happens in the cytoplasm !!! There are two main categories of Cell Respiration • Aerobic Respiration – Breaks down glucose completely and creates a total of 38 ATP and a net of 36 ATP • Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation) – Breaks down glucose only partially and creates a total of 4 ATP and net of 2 ATP – Lactic Acid Fermentation—animals, bacteria – Alcoholic Fermentation—fungi like yeast, plants • Each reaction requires 2ATP to activate them. Alcohol Fermentation is used to make bread and alcohol products – using yeast Produces CO2 and alcohol—In making bread—alcohol burns off and CO2 makes bread rise—In producing alcohols, the alcohol is used to produce the beverage, CO2 is released-- No oxygen present in some plants or fungiAnaerobic Fermentation--Alcohol Fermentation 2 Pyruvic Acid Lactic Acid Fermentation is used to make yogurt and some cheeses – the producer of these is bacteria OR , When muscle exertion happens and oxygen is depleted to the cells,lactic acid builds up in animal cells and causes muscle fatigue and sore muscles the next day ! Give them a rest and Normal Aerobic Respiration takes over and creates ATP and soreness goes away !!!!! No oxygen present in animals and some bacteria. Anaerobic Fermentation--Lactic Acid Fermentation 2 Pyruvic Acid 2 Lactic Acid We use lactic acid fermentation • When we don’t have enough oxygen for our ATP requirements in our muscles. Short – bursts of energy – anaerobic exercise • The lactic acid is what causes cramps when you don’t stretch (increase blood flow to the muscle) • This lactic acid has to go back to the liver where it is turned back into glucose. Oxygen Debt – You have to continue to breathe hard in order to make more ATP to convert lactic acid back to glucose. • Important in the Fight or Flight mechanism in animals ! Glucose Pyruvic Acid Without Oxygen Without Oxygen With Oxygen Lactic Acid(Muscle Lab) (animals & bacteria) Ethanol— Yeast & Apple Juice MiniLab-(only some fungi and some plants) CYTOPLASM (2) Pyruvic Acid +2 ATP +2 ATP +about 32 ATP ABOUT 36 ATP ! CELLULAR AEROBIC RESPIRATION