Transcript No Slide Title

GIS at the Crossroads
From Where is What and Wow, to Why and So What
CA/HI/NV/Guam ESRI Regional Users’ Group Conference
January 14, 2001 – Sacramento, California
Presented by
Joseph K. Berry
GIS is more different than it is similar to
traditional mapping and data analysis
Berry & Associates // Spatial Information Systems
2000 South College Ave, Suite 300, Fort Collins, CO 80525
Phone: (970) 215-0825 Email: [email protected]
…visit our website at www.innovativegis.com/basis
Theme/Thesis
GIS technology has evolved from …
Where is
 Automated Cartography
What and
 Geo-Query and Thematic Mapping
Wow
 Flashy Graphics
to…
Why and
 Analysis and Data Mining
So What
 Decision Support Systems
and Visualization
...and has radically changed what a map is and how it is used
(Berry)
Historical Setting and GIS Evolution
Traditional Mapping
manually drafted map
Computer Mapping
automates the cartographic process (70s)
Spatial Database Management
links computer mapping techniques with
traditional database capabilities (80s)
GIS Modeling
representation of relationships within
and among mapped data (90s)
?
…so where are we headed and what
have we learned along the way?
(Berry)
“Where is What and Wow” Interactions
The mapped data can be queried by interacting with the map
(where) or database (what) through a Query Ladder…
1) Select forest type Aspen, SP1= Aw
2) Select old Aspen stands, Age > 96 years
…so what’s new?
Connectivity and Map Delivery
MapTrials, www.maptrails.com
Flagship versus
Application-Specific Solutions
MapTrials, www.maptrails.com
Database Containers
and Map Access
Massive Worlds, www.massiveworlds.net
(Berry)
Where is What and Wow to
Why and So What –
Analysis and Data Mining
Vector-based processing provides
Thematic Mapping and Geo-Query
capabilities that repackage existing
spatial data as reports and displays
Grid-based
processing provides
Spatial Analysis and
Data Mining
capabilities that derive
new information on
relationships within
and among mapped
data
(Berry)
Hiking and Emergency Vehicle Travel
Slope Map
Impedance to traverse a grid cell
…as slope increases travel
becomes increasingly
difficult until impossible.
The red tones are easily
accessible, blue tones difficult
and gray identifies inaccessible
areas– map values are in
minutes.
(Berry)
Variable-Width Buffers (Line-of-sight)
Line-of-Sight Buffer– identifies all
land locations (clipped) within 250m
that can be seen from the road…
250m “viewshed” of the road
Line-of-Sight
Exposure– notes
the number of time
each location in
the buffer is seen
Line-of-Sight Noise– locations hidden
behind a ridge or farther away from a
source (road) greatly decrease noise
levels.
(Berry)
Where is What and Wow to
Why and So What –
Analysis and Data Mining
Enabling technologies
A new application of the
Spatial Technologies…
GPS, GIS plus IDI
Where is What
Why and So What
…that utilizes spatial
relationships in a field for
site-specific management
of the field
Do What and Where
Data processing approach
(Berry)
Spatial Interpolation (Geographic Distribution)
“Surface Modeling” is similar to slapping a big chunk of modeler’s clay
over the “data spikes,” then taking a knife and cutting away the excess to
leave a continuous surface that encapsulates the peaks and valleys implied
by the spatial pattern of the field samples
(Berry)
Visualizing Spatial Relationships
Interpolated Spatial Distribution
Phosphorous (P)
What spatial
relationships do
you see?
…do relatively high levels
of P often occur with high
levels of K and N?
…how often?
…where?
(Berry)
The Precision Ag Process (Fertility example)
…a map stack is a spatially organized set of numbers
…groups of “floating balls” in data space
identify locations in the field with similar data
patterns– data zones
…fertilization rates vary for the different
clusters “on-the-fly”
(Cyber-Farmer, Circa 1990)
Variable Rate Application
(Berry)
Where is What and Wow to Why and
So What –
DSS and Visualization
GIS Modeling Framework – application models are developed by
logically sequencing map analysis operations. A graphical user interface
enables users to modify model inputs similar to using a spreadsheet
program to analyze financial data– “what if…” scenarios
(Berry)
GIS Modeling Framework (Processing Levels)
Campground Location – the best places to locate a campground are…
Gently Sloped
Near Roads
Near Water
Views of Water
Westerly Aspect
Box = base or derived map
Line = analysis operation
Gently Sloped
Near Roads
Near Water
Views of water
Westerly Aspect
Rows = decision criteria
(Berry)
Linking Concepts and Code (Analysis Scripts)
…map analysis logic ingrained in the
flowchart is linked into GIS commands
Gentle slopes
Near roads
Near water
Good views
Westerly
Calibrate
Combine
Mask
(Berry)
Interactive DSS (“Stamping” Model Logic)
…interactive Map Pedigree becomes part of a derived map’s metadata
(Berry)
Where is What and Wow to Why and
So What –
DSS and Visualization
Image Draping -- is an established technique in GIS.
Draping a
topographic or thematic map onto a 3-D terrain surface is effective but
relies on abstract colors, shading and symbols.
“Map Abstraction”
SportsTracker (MapTrek, 1998)
(Berry)
Creating Realistic Landscapes
Geometric Modeling
-- builds a scene of realistic features,
such as trees, from a given viewpoint based on GIS inventories of
tree types and densities.
“Virtual Reality”
Virtual Forest (Innovative GIS, 1998)
(Berry)
Landscape Visualization (Steps in 3-D Rendering)
“Laying the Carpet”
Step 1) 3-D Terrain Surface
Step 2) Polygon Containers
Step 3) Surface Texture
Step 4) Tree Objects
Step 5) Final Composition
Step 6) Atmospheric Effects
“Pouring the Trees”
(Berry)
Visualizing Forest Conditions
…changing the
landscape’s carpet
and objects to
simulate different
conditions
Before Fire
After Fire
Summer
After Snowfall
Winter
(Berry)
Landscape Visualization (GIS Rendering)
(Berry)
Landscape Visualization (Clear cut)
(Berry)
Landscape Visualization (Water retention cut)
(Berry)
3-D Rendering As the Next Wave of Wow
The striking realism of the rendered visualizations enhance
communication of management plans in a more effective form.
The integration of GIS
and visualization
technologies provides an
operational platform
for natural resource
professionals and the
general public to
consider the aesthetic
impacts of landscape
alternatives.
“point and click” data retrieval
(Berry)
Landscape Visualization (Video Mapping)
Documenting “real-world” conditions
Multimedia GIS can be
used to document actual
conditions.
Video Mapping geo-registers…
 Streaming Video
 Still Images
 Audio
 Text
 Data
…of existing landscape characteristics
Click on photo for an online demo
High Rendering Fidelity
…see http://www.mediamapper.com/ “Examples” for more demos
(Berry)
Landscape Visualization (Real and Cognitive worlds)
Multimedia Mapping enables capture data and images within
its actual spatial context...
“what is”
3-D Rendering enables users to visualize forest inventory
data and simulate...
“what could be”
DSS enables users to interact with application
logic...
“what if…”
So What
Why
Spatial Analysis and Data Mining are used to translate the real world
into decision
environments…
“physical space
to decision space”
(Berry)
GIS Technology In Transition
An Appraisal of Past Experience and Probable Future
… we’ve covered a lot, any questions?
Now, or pigeonhole me during
the conference.
GIS technology has evolved from …
Where
is
What
and
Wow
…to
Why
and
So What
…for more importation online, see
(Berry)