Transcript Wk10_lec - Spatial Information Systems (Basis)

Introduction to GIS Modeling
Week 10 — Future Directions
GEOG 3110 – University of Denver
Presented by
Joseph K. Berry
W. M. Keck Scholar, Department of Geography, University of Denver
Data conversion and exchange; GIS software's
changing roles; Evolving the GIS mindset
2nd Exam (begins tomorrow)
…can only improve your overall grade (if you blow it, no problem)
…same logistics as the midterm
Exam is available now
…class website (under Homework Assignments)
(Berry)
Data Exchange (for further Map Analysis)
Optional Exercise #10
Import/Export Grid Data
5 extra credit points
MapCalc to/from Surfer
Basic Formats
Export
ESRI GridAscii (.asc)
Surfer Ascii (.grd)
Bare matrix (.dat)
Import
Import/Export Vector Data
Basic Formats
MapInfo (.tab)
ArcView (.shp)
Dbase (.dbf)
Comma Separated
Variable (.cvs)
…to/from MapInfo
MapCalc to/from ArcView
(Berry)
Data Exchange (for further Data Analysis)
Data pattern “shishkebabs” are written as records containing
geographic coordinates (LONG/LAT and/or COL/ROW) followed by
user-selected map values for every location in the project area in CSV or .dbf format
…for further charting, display or data analysis (e.g., Excel or Jump)
(Berry)
A Peek at the Bleeding Edge (2010 and beyond)
Revisit Analytics
Future Directions
(VI -2020s)
Multimedia Mapping
(IV -2000s)
Revisit Geo-reference
(V -2010s)
Contemporary GIS
Spatial dB Mgt (II -1980s)
GIS Modeling
(III -1990s)
…those who live
by the Crystal
Ball are bound to
eat ground glass
Evan Vlachos
The Early Years
Mapping focus
Data/Structure focus
Analysis focus
Computer Mapping
(Decade I -1970s)
(Berry)
Revamping Geographic Referencing
Geo-Referencing
Cube
The Cartesian Coordinate System based on rectangular grid
referencing will be replaced by Hexagon and Dodecahedron
(Berry)
Revamping Map Analysis
Geo-referencing and Data Structure
advances will lead to revised/new techniques in…
Map Analysis
Spatial Analysis—
1) recoding of all operations to take advantage of
increased precision/accuracy in the new georeferencing and data structures;
2) incorporate dynamic influences on effective
movement/connectivity (e.g., direction, accumulation,
momentum); and
3) uncertainty and error propagation handing
for all analytical processing.
…emphasis on
Data Accuracy
(vs. Precision)
Data Structure
Traditional 3D GIS (X,Y and Attribute) to 4D GIS (X,Y,Z and
Attribute) and possibly to 5D GIS (X,Y,Z,Time and Attribute)
Spatial Statistics—
1) uncertainty and error propagation handing
for all analytical processing;
2) CART, Induction and Neural Network
techniques requiring large N will replace traditional
multivariate data analysis; and
3) grid-cell will become the defacto primary key for
database referencing /analysis (vector for mapping).
(Berry)
Uncertainty and Error Propagation
Precision focus (Delineation)
Discrete map processing (vector) assumes joint
coincidence of two maps is 100% certain…
Accuracy focus (Classification)
…about 50% is < .70 certainty
Honest.ppt link
Fundamental Concepts:
Map — Where
is What
Shadow Map
of Certainty —
How sure P(x)
Joint Probability — likelihood of two
conditions occurring together…
…Error Propagation modeling (raster) determines
the likelihood of coincidence throughout the
intersected area
P(x,y)
P(x)
P(x,y) = P(x) * P(y)
P(y)
Joint
Probability
…evaluated cell-by-cell
(Berry)
Historical Setting and GIS Evolution
Manual Mapping for 8,000 years
Geotechnology (GPS, GIS, RS)
DIGITAL
ANALOG
Computer Mapping automates the
cartographic process (70s)
Spatial Database Management links
computer mapping techniques with traditional
database capabilities (80s)
Map Analysis representation of relationships
within and among mapped data (90s)
Multimedia Mapping full integration of GIS,
Internet and visualization technologies (00s)
(Berry)
Map Analysis Evolution (90s, Revolution)
Traditional GIS
Spatial Analysis
Store
Travel-Time
(Surface)
Forest Inventory
Map
• Points, Lines, Polygons
• Cells, Surfaces
• Discrete Objects
• Continuous Geographic Space
• Mapping and Geo-query
• Contextual Spatial Relationships
Traditional Statistics
Spatial Statistics
Spatial
Distribution
(Surface)
Minimum= 5.4 ppm
Maximum= 103.0 ppm
Mean= 22.4 ppm
StDEV= 15.5
• Mean, StDev (Normal Curve)
• Map of Variance (gradient)
• Central Tendency
• Spatial Distribution
• Typical Response (scalar)
• Numerical Spatial Relationships
(Berry)
Map Analysis Framework (a brief review)
(Map_Analysis_framework.ppt)
www.innovativegis.com/basis/Papers/Other/GISmodelingFramework/
(Berry)
Multimedia Mapping
1)
(00s, Four Mega-Trends)
Map Delivery/Devices
GPS/GIS Enabled
Devices and
Internet Mapping
3)
Map Display
2)
3D Visualization
Rendered Scenes
4)
Geospatial Multimedia
Interactive Maps
Maps with
Integrated
Photos
Video
Audio
Text
Data
Animated Maps
(Berry)
Map Delivery/Devices (Mega-Trend #1)
1)
Data Integration
…stored GIS data layers and
tabular data
2)
Forms Builder
3)
Enable Mobile Devices
…create field data collection
forms
…download data layers,
tabular data and forms
Field
Forms
GIS Data
Layers
Workstation/Server
5)
Mobile
Mapping
Steps
Synchronization, Merge and Export
…upload and integrate field collected
information including field digitized maps
and GPS stamped data; security and
authorization considerations
4)
Field Data Collection
…view location on background maps and
aerial photos; completed data
collection form is automatically
“stamped” with location
Spatial Data Technology http://www.spatialdatatech.com/
…online maps, GIS data and web mapping services abound
http://maps.google.com/ , www.zillow.com , www.ci.fort-collins.co.us/gis/ , http://lindenwoodhoa.propertyarchive.com/
(Berry)
3-D Visualization Approaches (Mega-Trend #2)
Image Draping -- is an established technique in GIS.
Draping a
topographic or thematic map onto a 3-D terrain surface is effective but
relies on abstract colors, shading and symbols.
“Map Abstraction”
SportsTracker (MapTrek, 9/98)
(Berry)
3-D Visualization Approaches (continued)
Geometric Modeling
-- builds a scene of realistic features,
such as trees, from a given viewpoint based on GIS inventories of
tree types and densities.
“Virtual Reality”
“Point and Click” data retrieval
…as 3D visualization is just
another GIS map display
Virtual Forest (Innovative GIS, 9/98)
(Berry)
Landscape Visualization (Rendering Technique)
“Laying the Carpet”
Step 1) 3-D Terrain Surface
Step 2) Polygon Containers
Step 3) Surface Texture
Step 4) Tree Objects
Step 5) Final Composition
Step 6) Atmospheric Effects
“Pouring the Trees”
(Berry)
Visualizing Landscape Conditions
…changing
the carpet and objects
to simulate different
landscape conditions
Before Fire
After Fire
Summer
After Snowfall
Winter
(Berry)
Visualizing Landscape Impacts (GIS Rendering)
(Berry)
Visualizing Landscape Impacts (Clear cut)
(Berry)
Visualizing Landscape Impacts (Water retention cut)
(Berry)
Contemporary Visualization Software
See www.3dnature.com for more information
(Berry)
Map Display (Mega-Trend #3)
Interactive Maps -- In this example, a “magnifying glass” is used to
enlarge portions of the map
www.idelix.com
Animated Maps
3-D Rendering -- In this example, a series of
individual scenes are
rendered along a flight path then sequenced into a video file… “fly-by”
effect www.3Dnature.com
Model Output -- In this example, output from a fire behavior
model is superimposed on a terrain surface with a draped satellite
image for reference (Pacific Meridian) www.Sanborn.com
Model Output -- In this example, output from an aircraft noise
m odel indicating the on-ground level of noise for a plane flying
over the Grand Canyon www.wylelabs.com
(Berry)
Geospatial Multimedia (Mega-Trend #4)
…take pictures with a digital
camera or video recorder while
carrying a GPS with ‘track
logging’ then link the Lat/Lon
with each picture.
Digital Camera
 What (picture)
 When (time)
Pictures are “posted and linked” to a map
UltraLite Platform
 When (time)
 Where (X,Y)
GPS Unit
MediaMapper Software
Red Hen Systems, http://www.redhensystems.com/
(See http://www.geoplace.com/gw/2001/0501/0501map.asp for more information)
(Berry)
Google Earth (Multimedia Mapping)
Vessel for Mapped Data— has brought geotechnology to the masses; not a GIS but digests map
data for 3D display with satellite imagery of the globe as backdrop
(Berry)
Where Have We Been?
Computer Mapping -- Spatial dB Management -- GIS

Modeling --
Multimedia Mapping
Spatial Analysis — “Contextual” relationships
within and among mapped data (Reclassify, Overlay,
Distance, and Neighbors)
Digital Maps
From Mapping to Map Analysis
…numbers first, pictures later

Spatial Statistics — “Numerical” relationships within and among
mapped data (Spatial Autocorrelation and Spatial Correlation)

Surface Modeling — maps the “spatial distribution”
and pattern of point data (Map Generalization,
Geometric Facets and Spatial Interpolation)

Data Mining — maps relationships
within and among mapped data layers (map stack)
(Descriptive, Predictive, and Prescriptive)
(Berry)
Where From Here?
…where will you be in GIS?
(Berry)