Transcript Special Topics in Geo-Business Data Analysis

Special Topics in Geo-Business Data Analysis
Week 1 Covering Topics 1, 2 and 3
Overview of the Case Study
Desktop Mapping
Grid-based Mapping
Class Website
http://www.innovativegis.com/basis/DU/GIS4995/
Course Description
and Logistics
Topics and Schedule
Online Workbook
Online Lecture Notes
Online Assignments
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Mapping versus Analysis
This course focuses some of the basic concepts, considerations and procedures in
grid-based data handling and analysis operations as they apply to geo-business
applications.
Three broad capabilities are discussed—
1) surface modeling involves the translation of
discrete point data into a continuous surface that
represents the geographic distribution of that data.
2) spatial data mining to uncover relationships
within and among mapped data
3) map analysis investigates the “contextual” relationships
(Topic 1)
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Examples of Map Analysis
SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SHOPPER
MOVEMENT AND SALES ACTIVITY
SPATIAL MODELING AND
DATA MINING IN RETAIL
http://www.innovativegis.com/GeoBusiness/Assignments/GIS4995_assignments.htm
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The Case Study
The book is organized into eight topics and two appendices that lead the reader
from an understanding of the fundamental nature of mapped data through a series
of basic procedures used in deriving, analyzing and applying spatial information.
…workbook includes a CD with software, data sets and exercises
(Topic 1)
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Installing Course Software
Companion software includes ArcExplorer, Surfer, MapCalc and SnagIt
(Topic 1; ex)
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Historical Setting and GIS Evolution
Manual map drafting …8,000 years
Computer Mapping
automates the cartographic process (70s)
Spatial Database Management
links computer mapping techniques with
traditional database capabilities (80s)
GIS Analysis and Modeling
representation of relationships within
and among mapped data (90s)
…Multimedia GIS is the current frontier (00s)
but that’s another story
(Topic 2)
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Where Is What
Spatial database management links a table describing the location of map
features (customers) to a database containing descriptive attributes
describing each feature (records)
(Topic 2)
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Interacting with Vector Map Layers
A composite map is formed by ordering the display of a series of
individual map layers
…basic map display tools
(Topic 2; ex1)
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Vector Data Structure
Vector data characterizes map features as collections of points, lines and polygons
Maps containing point, line and polygon features are defined by organized sets of points
(Topic 2; ex 2)
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Raster Data Types
It is important to note that the map features in a vector-based mapping system
identify discrete, irregular spatial objects with sharp abrupt boundaries. Other
data types — raster images, pseudo grids and raster grids — treat space in entirely
different manner forming a spatially continuous data structure
(Topic 2)
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Pseudo Grid
A pseudo grid is formed by a series of uniform, square polygons covering an
analysis area. Each “polygon cell” is treated as a separate polygon—it’s just that
every polygon is the same shape/size and they all abut each other
(Topic 2; ex 3)
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Numeric and Geographic Data Types
Map values are characterized from two broad perspectives—numeric and
geographic—then further refined by specific data types
(Topic 3)
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Discrete versus Continuous Data
Discrete and Continuous map types combine the numeric and
geographic characteristics of mapped data
(Topic 3; ex 1)
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Displaying Grid-Based Map Surfaces
Grid-based data can be displayed in 2D/3D lattice or grid forms
(Topic 3; ex 3)
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Lattice versus Grid Data Structures
Contour lines are delineated by
connecting interpolated points
of constant elevation along the
lattice frame
Three-dimensional display “pushes-up” the grid or
lattice reference frame to the relative height of the
stored map values
(Topic 3)
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Normalizing Mapped Data
Normalization techniques allow you to “compare apples and oranges” using a
standard “mixed fruit scale of numbers
(Topic 3; ex 4)
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Exchanging Mapped Data
The map values at
each grid location
form a single
record in the
exported table
The CSV file can be imported into standard
statistical packages for further analysis
(Topic 3)
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Storing Grid-based Data
A grid-based system stores a long list of map values that are implicitly linked
to an analysis frame superimposed over an area
(Topic 3)
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Map Stack
A map stack of individual grid layers can be stored as separate files
or in a multi-grid table
(Topic 3)
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MapCalc .rgs Table Format
…open the GB_Smallville.rgs data set in WordPad and note its organization
Longitude, Latitude, #Col, #Row, Cellsize (meters), #Maps
Map name
Default parameters for display
Legend labels for discrete maps
Legacy identifying the command that created the map
Listing of map values
(Topic 3)
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