Transcript “ MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM HONDA, FAISALABAD”

Lesson - 1
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What is a PC?
 Components of a PC
 Main Unit
 CPU
 Memory
 Keyboard
 Peripherals
What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device, operating
under the control of instructions (software)
stored in its own memory unit, that can
accept data (input), manipulate data
(process), and produce information (output)
from the processing. Generally, the term is
used to describe a collection of devices that
function together as a system
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Computer systems have four parts
– Hardware
– Software
– Data
– User
What Does A Computer Do?
Computers can perform four general operations,
which comprise the information processing cycle.
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Input
Process
Output
Storage
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Computers use the same basic hardware
 Hardware categorized into four types
Four parts
– Processing Devices
– Memory Devices
– Input and Output Devices
– Storage Devices
What Are The Primary
Components Of A Computer ?
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Input devices.
 Central Processing Unit
 Memory.
 Output devices.
 Storage devices.
Structure of a Computer System
(Information Processing Cycle)
CPU
Input
RAM
Auxiliary
Storage
Output
Data and Information
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All computer processing requires data, which is a
collection of raw facts, figures and symbols, such as
numbers, words, images, video and sound, given to the
computer during the input phase.
Computers manipulate data to create information.
Information is data that is organized, meaningful, and
useful.
During the output Phase, the information that has been
created is put into some form, such as a printed report.
The information can also be put in computer storage for
future use.
Input Devices
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Keyboard
Mouse or Trackball
Joystick
Touch Screen
Light Pen
Image Scanner
Digital Camera
Voice Input
KEYBOARD
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The Keyboard is an input device.
 Older Keyboards were 84-keys
 Common keyboards are 102-keys
 Multimedia supported keyboards 109-keys
Keyboard Normally consists of
Four main parts.
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1.Typewriter or Alphanumeric Keys
(because it has the alphabet and numbers.)
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2. Arrow keys or Cursor keys
(pointing up, down, left and right move the cursor)
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3. Numeric keypad or Num keypad
(Numbers 0 to 9, decimal point, num lock)
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4. Function Keys
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F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, F10, F11 and F12.
Mouse
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A mouse is also an input device.
A mouse usually has two or three finer buttons that you
can press: One on the left, one on the right and
(sometimes) one on the centre
In Windows applications, clicking the left mouse button
will make your computer do something, like opening a
folder or starting a program. Often you will need a double
click. Clicking on the right mouse button will provide you
with information and/or a menu of operations that you can
choose from.
(CPU) Central Processing Unit
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The central processing unit (CPU) contains
electronic circuits that cause processing to
occur. The CPU interprets instructions to
the computer, performs the logical and
arithmetic processing operations, and causes
the input and output operations to occur. It
is considered the “brain” of the computer.
Structure of CPU
Memory
(Registers)
Arithmetic and
Logic Unit
Control Unit
Output Devices
 Monitor
 Speaker
 Printer
 Plotter
Monitors
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Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
– Most common type of monitor
– Electrons fired from the back
– Electrons excite phosphor to glow
– Phosphor is arranged in dots called pixels
– Dot mask ensures proper pixel is lit
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CRT drawbacks
– Very large
– Very heavy
– Use a lot of electricity
Monitors
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Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
– Commonly found on laptops
– Desktop versions exist
– Solve the problems of CRT
– Fluorescent lights provide illumination
Storage Devices
Volatile Memory (RAM)
 Non-Volatile Memory
ROM
Hard Disks
Floppy Disks
Compact Discs – CD and DVD drives
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Volatile Memory
Memory also called Random Access Memory or
RAM (temporary memory) is the main memory of
the computer. It consists of electronic components
that store data including numbers, letters of the
alphabet, graphics and sound. Any information
stored in RAM is lost when the computer is turned
off.
Non-Volatile Memory
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Read Only Memory or ROM is memory
that is etched on a chip that has start-up
directions for your computer. It is
permanent memory
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The contents of ROM remain when power is
switched off.
Floppy Disks
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Auxiliary storage devices are used for permanent
storage of data
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A floppy disk is a portable, inexpensive storage
medium that consists of a thin, circular, flexible
plastic disk with a magnetic coating enclosed in a
square-shaped plastic shell
Hard Disks
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Another form of auxiliary storage is a hard
disk. A hard disk consists of one or more
rigid metal plates coated with a metal oxide
material that allows data to be magnetically
recorded on the surface of the platters
Compact Discs
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A compact disk (CD), also called an optical disc,
is a flat round, portable storage medium that is
usually 4.75 inch in diameter.
CD-ROM (read only memory),
 CD-RW – (rewritable)
 DVD-ROM
 DVD+RW
Hardware vs. Software
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Hardware - the physical parts that make up
the computer
e.g. CPU, memory, disks, CD-ROM drives, printer.
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Software - computer programs and
applications.
– Operating system, word processor, games, etc
Software
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A computer program or software tells it exactly
what to do.
A computer program is a set of instructions to the
computer.
Computer software is the key to productive use of
computers. Software can be categorized into two
types:
System software
Application software.
Application Software
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Application Software consists of programs that tell
a computer how to produce information. Some of
the more commonly used packages are:
Word processing
Electronic spreadsheet
Database
Presentation graphics
System Software
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The most important system software is the
operating system.
Examples of operating systems:
 Windows, DOS, Apple, UNIX
Purpose of an Operating System?
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An OS is a computer program that:
 Provides the interface between you and
your computer
 Controls the hardware of the computer.
 Run your computer applications or
programs
 Communicate with your network
Classification of Computers or
Types of Computer
Computers can be classified into three ways:
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According to Function
 According to Size and Capacity
 According to Purpose
According to Function
According to function computers can be
classified into three types, namely:
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Analogue Computers
 Digital Computers
 Hybrid Computers
Analogue Computers
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Usually all the measuring devices are called
Analogue computers.
 An analogue computing devices can
measure only the continuously variable
quantities, such as Temperature, Pressure,
Voltage, sound etc.
Digital Computers
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Digital computers are high speed,
programmable electronic devices that
performs mathematical calculations,
compare values and store the results. They
recognize data by counting discrete signals.
Representing either a high (on) or low (off)
voltage state of electricity.
 Working on Binary values (0) and (1)
Hybrid Computers
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In special situations digital and analogue
computers have been combined to create
hybrid computers. The capacity of hybrid
computers is most significant where the
digital processing of data collected in
Analogue form is desirable.
 Petrol pump machines and speedometers are
some example of hybrid computers.
According to Size and Capacity
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Lap Top / Notebook, Palm Top
 Micro Computers
 Mini Computers
 Macro Computers (Main Frames)
 Super Computers
Lap Top / Notebook, Palm Top
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These are the smallest
computers in size
 Look like office briefcase
geometry box
 They are termed as
portable computers
 These are very popular in
use because of small size
and less weight.
Tablet computers
– Newest
development in
portable computers
– Input is through
a pen
– Run specialized
versions of office
products
Micro Computers
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Micro computers are small machines
 These are low in price
 It is cheaper, so there is no difficulty to
maintain
 Small business application can run on it
 Home computed work can be performed
 It is also called PC personal computer
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Computers at home
– Many homes have multiple computers
– Most American homes have Internet
– Computers are used for
 Business
 Entertainment
 Communication
 Education
Mini Computers
– Called midrange computers
– Power between mainframe and desktop
– Handle hundreds of users
– Used in smaller organizations
– Very popular for time sharing system
– These computers are used in laboratories for all
types of engineering and scientific work.
Macro Computers (Main Frames)
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They are large in size
Also called main frame computers
Used for networking as a main
server
Main frame computers supports
thousands of users
Used in world wide Airline
Reservation system
They are used for a high amount of
data processing and used as
centralized data machine (e.g.
Citibank credit card machine)
Super Computer
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These are very large in size
 Use for complex scientific
calculations
 Its capabilities are much more than
main frames
 Very costly
 Super computer supports small no of
users
 These are used in Nuclear physics,
weather forecast and satellite
controlling
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Supercomputers
– The most powerful computers made
– Handle large and complex calculations
– Process trillions of operations per second
– Found in research organizations
According to Purpose
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General Purpose
 Special Purpose
General Purpose computers
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These computers are designed to perform
various tasks and can be used for different
calculations of data, for example personal
computers can perform different tasks of
work. It can compute data it can solve
different problems, it can play music,
videos etc…
Special Purpose computers
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These types of computers can do only
predefined work and is useless for any other
kind of work. For example Visa card
Machine can only insert Visa cards and can
verify them. It cannot calculate any data.
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