Transcript What is the Smart Grid

Yee Wei Law
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Australian Standard:
AS 60038-2000
“Standard voltages”:
Transmission
EHV: 275kV, 330kV,
500 kV
HV: 220kV
MV: 66kV
Distribution
LV: 11kV, 22kV
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Why and what is the Smart Grid?
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Three Smart Grid components
◦ Transmission: Wide-area Monitoring System
◦ Distribution: Distribution Automation
◦ Consumption: Demand Response
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Research Areas
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Conclusion
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Smart grid = envisioned next-gen power grid that is:
Accommodating
Intelligent
(senses
overload,
rerouting)
(renewable
energy)
Efficient
(meets
demand
without more
cost)
Motivating
Qualityfocused
(minimum
disturbances,
interruptions)
(demand
response)
“Green”
(minimal
environmental
impact)
Resilient
(to attacks,
disasters)
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Ageing hardware + population growth = equipment at limits
Market deregulation (‘80s-‘90s)
Cost of outages in USA in 2002: $79B
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Climate change
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◦ Distributed generation using renewable energy sources
Global cooperation (International Smart Grid Action Network
including Australia)
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8-10% energy lost in transmission and distribution
networks
Energy Management System (EMS): control
generation, aggregation, power dispatch
EMS computes optimal power flow
However, SCADA-based EMS gives incomplete view
of system steady state (resolution: several seconds)
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Aka synchrophasors, because time-synchronized using GPS
Measures voltage and current phasors
Typically 30 time-stamped samples per sec
Phadke and Thorp’s prototype circa 1988
Macrodyne’s 1690
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MiCOM P847
ABB’s RES521
Control of electromechanical oscillation, voltage, frequency
etc.
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PMU
PMU
...
PMU
PMU
WAN
Layer 2: Data management
PDC
Application Data Buffer
Real-Time
Monitoring
Real-Time
Control
Layer 1: Data acquisition
Layer 3: Data services
Real-Time
Protection
Layer 4: Applications
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Control center
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Substation
Distribution network
Remotely and efficiently identify and resolve system problems
Enables load shifting, alleviates overload conditions
Reconfigures the system after disturbances or interruptions
Facilitates coordination with customer services such as timeof-use pricing, load management and DERs
Maintain equipment health
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EPRI proposed advanced DA – complete automation of
controllable equipment (actuators and sensors)
Sample actuators:
◦ Auto-recloser: circuit breaker that re-closes after interrupting
short-circuit current
◦ Voltage regulator: usually at the supply end, but also near
customers with heavy load
◦ Switched capacitor bank: switched in when load is heavy, switched
out when otherwise
Recloser
Voltage
regulator
Switched
capacitor
bank
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Static sensors:
RF
leakage
current
sensor
RF temperature
sensor
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Metal insulated
semiconducting
(MIS) sensor for
detecting
hydrogen
Non-static sensors:
Aerial photography (SP AusNet):
◦ Developed by Tokyobased HiBot
◦ Able to navigate around
obstacle
◦ Laser-based sensors
◦ HD camera
◦ Cost & energy is a
constraint
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EPRI identified two critical technologies:
◦ Open communication architecture
◦ Redeveloped power system for component interoperability
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Urban networks: fiber optics
Rural networks: wireless
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Jemena, United Energy, Citipower and Powercor
Interoperability
Capacity
Latency
Interference
rejection
CDMA2000
GE-MDS 900MHz
Open standard
Proprietary
76.8 kbps (80-ms frame)
153.6 kbps (40-ms
frame)
307.2 kbps (20-ms
frame)
Hundreds of milliseconds
19.2 kbps (80 km)
115 kbps (48 km)
1 Mbps (32 km)
DSSS, 2 GHz frequency
band allows frequency
band re-use
Transmission Nation-wide service
range
coverage
Configuration Point-to-multipoint
SP AusNet and Energy Australia
Silver Spring
Networks
Proprietary
Wi-Fi/IEEE 802.11
100 kbps
54 Mbps (802.11a)
11 Mbps (802.11b)
54 Mbps (802.11g)
72 Mbps (802.11n)
Open standard
Tens of milliseconds Tens of
Milliseconds
milliseconds
FHSS, 902-928 MHz FHSS, 902-928 802.11a: ODFM, 5 GHz
MHz
802.11b: DSSS, 2.4 GHz
802.11g: OFDM/DSSS,
2.4 GHz
802.11n: OFDM, 2.4/5
GHz
*2.4 GHz band is
crowded; 5 GHz less so
80 km
Unknown
802.11a: 120 m
802.11b/g: 140 m
802.11n: 250 m
Point-to-point,
Point-to-point Point-to-point, pointpoint-to-multipoint
to-multipoint
WiMAX/IEEE
802.16
Open standard
9 Mbps
Milliseconds
OFDM, 3.65-3.70
GHz
20 km
Point-tomultipoint
* Note: ZigBee is not in here
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Edge over ZigBee: RF better penetration of steel structures,
energy-efficient, better security
Notable vendor: Dust Networks
6LowPAN (RFC4919, RFC4944 etc.)
 IPv6 for low-power wireless personal area networks
 Edge over ZigBee: interoperability with existing IP-based
devices
 Routing protocol still being standardized by the ROLL
working group (Routing Over Low power and Lossy networks)
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Keep demand curve as flat as possible (especially during
summers and winters)
Ideally, everyone uses high-efficiency appliances
Motivate consumers to shift their usage to off-peak hours
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Price-based programs
◦ Dynamic peak pricing / critical peak pricing: customers notified in
advance of critical peak times (at most several days per year)
DPP = Dynamic
Peak Pricing
Source: Energy
Market Consulting
associates, “A
Report to the
Ministerial Council
on Energy”, 2009
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Price-based programs
◦ Time-of-use pricing: different tariffs for different hours of the day
Available from some
vendors at limited
locations, for example:
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Incentive-based programs
◦ Direct load control (e.g. Australian water heaters)
◦ Interruptible/curtailable service: reduce load during contingencies
◦ Demand bidding, emergency demand response, capacity market,
ancillary services market etc.
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Reference: US Department of Energy, “Benefits of Demand Response
in Electricity Markets and Recommendations for Achieving them,”
report to the United States Congress, February 2006.
Enabling technology: smart meter and Advanced Metering
Infrastructure
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Neighborhood
Area Network
Smart
meter
Home Area
Network
AMI
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In VIC, official rollout will run from 2009 to 2013
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Smart meters
◦
◦
◦
◦
To
To
To
To
send meter data every 30 minutes
enable remote connection/disconnection
detect outage
support demand response
 Provide information via in-home display
 Provide input to smart appliances via Home Area Network (ZigBee for
Australia)
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Fast charging Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)
introduce harmful harmonics – smart meters will help
[Masoum et al., 2010]
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Transmission
 PMU placement problem
 Low-cost transmission line monitoring
Distribution
 Distribution network reconfiguration
◦ Multi-objective optimization problem: minimize real losses,
regulate voltage profile, load-balancing
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Resilient wireless sensor network for substation monitoring
and distribution automation
Coordination of load management and demand response
Overall
 Security
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Advances in sensor and comm. tech driving Smart Grid
Grid modernization stimulates multi-disciplinary research
In progress:
◦ $100m Smart Grid, Smart City demo project in Newscastle
◦ Intelligent Grid: CSIRO and five universities
Collaboration opportunities sought
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EPRI, “Sensor Technologies for a Smart Transmission System,”
white paper, Dec 2009.
V. Gungor and F. Lambert, “A survey on communication
networks for electric system automation,” Computer
Networks, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 877 – 897, 2006.
Y. Liu et al., “False data injection attacks against state
estimation in electric power grids,” Proc. 16th ACM Computer
and Communications Security, 2009.
M. Masoum, P. Moses, and S. Deilami, “Load management in
smart grids considering harmonic distortion and transformer
derating,” in Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), 2010,
pp. 1 –7.
B.K. Panigrahi et al., “Computational Intelligence in Power
Engineering”, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.
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Generation
◦ Distributed generation
◦ Microgrid
Transmission
◦ Wide-area monitoring system (WAMS)
Distribution
◦ Distribution automation (DA)
Advanced
Metering
Consumption
Infrastructure
◦ Demand response
(AMI)
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