Transcript The Electric Grid - Spark Clean Energy

The Electric Grid
Technology of Energy Seminar Series
Matthew Glazer
January 2015
[email protected]
I am a Ph.D. student in Materials Science
and Engineering,
My current research focuses on Li-ion
Batteries, and I have prior research
experience studying Nuclear Materials
What is Electricity?
Electricity is analogous to the movement of
water.
Voltage = Current X Resistance
Power = Voltage X Current
1 kW = One Microwave Oven running
30 kWh = Levelized energy consumption of
average US home for one day
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Alternating Current (AC)
Direct Current (DC)
• AC has one or more
frequencies or phases
• In AC, current and
voltage not always
synchronized
AC
DC
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Apparent and Reactive Power
(AC ONLY)
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AC vs. DC
Edison vs. Tesla:
When to use AC:
• Multiple volumes of power
transmission from
generation to load
When to use DC:
• Single volume of power
transmission, especially
over long distances (HVDC)
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AC vs. DC
Edison vs. Tesla:
When to use AC:
When to use DC:
• Multiple types of electrical
• Electronics (e.g. Server Farms)
machines (e.g. industrial motors)
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AC vs. DC
Edison vs. Tesla:
When to use AC:
• Synchronized
interconnected networks
When to use DC:
• Linking AC grids
Commercial
Industrial
Residential
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How Electricity is Delivered on the Grid
Power Dissipated (7%, Lost as Heat) = Current2 X Resistance (P=I2R)
Power Delivered = Voltage X Current (P=VI)
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US Grid Energy Mix (2012)
Capacity (MW)
Generated Energy (GWh)
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Grid Design and Layout
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Grid Layout Options
• Radial Design
• Mesh Network
• Siting Challenges
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Islanding and Microgrids
• Grids must be able to
form “islands” in the
event of a major
problem
• Microgrids can
generate power locally
that can be sold or
provide electricity
during a blackout
Image: Northeast 2003 Blackout, A tree
electrically connects with a 345 kV line here
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Reliability and Power Quality
• How does the power
company know how
much to produce?
• Electrical Power
cannot easily be stored
in large quantities, yet
• The load must be
balanced across a grid
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Renewable Generation Intermittency
• Wind, Solar and
hydropower generation
depend on environmental
conditions
• Grid must be able to
dispatch storage or
generation quickly to
accommodate sudden
changes
• Conventional power
generation has a “rampup” time before reaching
maximum generation
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Distributed Generation
• Renewables and Co-Generation
• Decreases Transmission Losses
• Potential Increased Local Power Quality and
Resiliency
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DG 2012 Statistics
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Case Study: Smart Grid
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Case Study: Smart Grid
Efficient
Building
Systems
Utility
Communications
Internet
Consumer Portal
& Building EMS
Dynamic
Systems
Control
Distribution
Operations
Advanced
Metering
Renewables
PV
Control
Interface
Plug-In Hybrids
Data
Management
Distributed
Generation
& Storage
Smart
End-Use
Devices
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Basic Concepts
• Overlay electric grid with networking technology
• Price and Availability of Electricity linked to Usage
• Two-Way Communication
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Advantages for Power Companies
• Enables rapid and
automated incident
response
• Makes frequency
regulation easier and
increases grid stability
and power quality
• Load Leveling
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Advantages to End-Users
• Distributed Generation more cost-effective, can sell back to
the grid
• May decrease cost of electricity for consumers
• Enables the smart, programmable operation of important
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systems or appliances
Challenges
• New infrastructure to communicate in both
directions required
• Electricity prices less transparent for
consumer, adjustment from fixed price to realtime pricing
• Security concerns
• Behavioral Changes and Data Management
Required…
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Smart Meters and Smart Machines
• Smart appliances networked
and programmed into grid
demand
• Power companies can
directly modulate load
balance and demand
• Many communication
methods, not all require new
infrastructure
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Smart Appliances
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Phasor Measurement Units
(AKA PMUs or Synchrophasors)
• Measure Power Quality
with a time stamp and
GPS coordinates
• Located at Generation
and Distribution
substations
• Enable greater
automation and
intermittent resources
C D
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SPECIAL THANKS TO SCOTT BAKER AND
PJM INTERCONNECTION FOR ASSISTANCE
IN PREPARING THIS SEMINAR!
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Questions?
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100%
Fleet-wide Capacity Factors
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
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US Electricity Imports/Exports
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Conversion Equipment and Substations
• Transformers act to step voltage up or down
• Circuit breakers and phase shifting transformers moderate
power quality and act as barriers for islanding
• Data currently collected here to monitor power usage and
dispatch resources
• Design and placement enable redundancy to ensure
reliability
…
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Millions
Smart Metering Growth
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Automated Meter Reading (AMR)
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
Number of Meters
50
40
30
20
10
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
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