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Smart Materials for Architecture and Design Professions Distinguishing smart materials Making (drawing) surfaces in architecture and design. The use of materials can be driven in two ways: Materials become the surfaces or structural skin. Materials are thought as an interactive/responsive element Two approaches for classifying materials: Sciences and engineering disciplines Design discipline Smart materials An array of physical behaviors: engineering disciplines Physical property Processes Use and function An artifact with character: Emotion Perception aesthetics Design discipline Classification of smart materials and their input and output stimuli energy transfer = material property x change in state Work Interior state Temperature Pressure density heat State temperature, pressure, density, phase, motion, position… Material property mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical, optical… Energy transfer work (pressure difference), heat (temperature difference)… energy transfer = material property x change in state 1 Independent variable Dependent variable 1.change of state material property 2. energy transfer material property 3. energy transfer energy change 4. energy transfer multiple states 2 3 4 Type 1 smart materials – property-changing CHROMICS OR ‘COLOR-CHANGING’ SMART MATERIALS Photochromics (光致色變)– materials that change color when exposed to light Thermochromics(熱致色變)– – materials that change color due to temperature changes. Mechanochromics (機械色變)– – materials that change color due to imposed stresses and/or deformations. Chemochromics (化學色變)– – materials that change color when exposed to specific chemical environments. Electrochromics ((電致色變)– materials that change color when a voltage is applied. Related technologies include liquid crystals and suspended particle devices that change color or transparencies when electrically activated. Type 1 smart materials – property-changing CHROMICS OR ‘COLOR-CHANGING’ SMART MATERIALS Photochromic materials(光致變色 ) – materials that change color due to light changes. Type 1 smart materials – property-changing CHROMICS OR ‘COLOR-CHANGING’ SMART MATERIALS Thermochromics(熱致色變)– materials that change color due to temperature changes. Design: Juergen Mayer H Type 1 smart materials – property-changing CHROMICS OR ‘COLOR-CHANGING’ SMART MATERIALS Thermochromics(熱致色變)– materials that change color due to temperature changes. Design: Pu Tai Type 1 smart materials – property-changing CHROMICS OR ‘COLOR-CHANGING’ SMART MATERIALS Thermochromics(熱致色變)– materials that change color due to temperature changes. Type 1 smart materials – property-changing CHROMICS OR ‘COLOR-CHANGING’ SMART MATERIALS Thermochromics – materials that change color due to temperature changes. Chronos Chromos Concrete Designed by Chris Glaister, Afshin Mehin, Tomas Rosen Type 1 smart materials – property-changing CHROMICS OR ‘COLOR-CHANGING’ SMART MATERIALS Thermochromics – materials that change color due to temperature changes. Type 1 smart materials – property-changing CHROMICS OR ‘COLOR-CHANGING’ SMART MATERIALS Mechanochromics materials– have altered optical properties when the material is subjected to stresses and deformations associated with external forces. Type 1 smart materials – property-changing CHROMICS OR ‘COLOR-CHANGING’ SMART MATERIALS Chemochromic materials are whose properties are sensitive to different chemical environments. Type 1 smart materials – property-changing CHROMICS OR ‘COLOR-CHANGING’ SMART MATERIALS Electrochromics (電致色變) materials can be defined as a reversible color change of a material caused by application of an electric current or potential. Type 1 smart materials – property-changing CHROMICS OR ‘COLOR-CHANGING’ SMART MATERIALS Electrochromics (電致色變) materials can be defined as a reversible color change of a material caused by application of an electric current or potential. Type 1 smart materials – property-changing RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTY-CHANGING MATERIALS Electrorheological (ER) fluids (電流變液) Magnetorheological fluids (磁力流變液) ER demo Type 1 smart materials – property-changing RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTY-CHANGING MATERIALS Electrorheological (ER) fluids (電流變液) Using ER fluids to stiffen the blade of a helicopter and damp in vibration Type 1 smart materials – property-changing RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTY-CHANGING MATERIALS Magnetorheological (MRF) fluids (磁力流變液) Type 1 smart materials – property-changing RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTY-CHANGING MATERIALS Magnetorheological (MR) fluids (磁力流變液) Type 1 smart materials – property-changing CONDUCTING POLYMERS -Electroactive polymers (EAP) movie Type 2 smart materials – energy-exchanging LIGHT-EMITTING MATERIALS Chemoluminescence female firefly squid Type 2 smart materials – energy-exchanging Electroluminescence Electroluminescent wire Voltage source Electroluminescent strips Type 2 smart materials – energy-exchanging Electroluminescence EL Plywood Desk Designed by Kennedy & Violich Architecture a sonic shade of light, 2006 Seeing smart materials/technology from design perspective The innovative use of heating elements and ink allows graphics, words and numbers to be displayed through concrete. 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