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ECGR 6185
Advanced Embedded Systems
TEMPERATURE SENSORS
(Thermocouples, RTDs and
Thermistors)
University Of North Carolina Charlotte
Karunakar Reddy Gujja
Temperature sensors
Temperature Sensors are the devices which are used to measure the
temperature of an object.
These sensors sense the temperature and generate output signals in one of the
two forms: change in voltage or change in resistance.
In order to select a sensor for a particular application - accuracy, range of
temperature, response time and environment are considered.
Temperature sensors
Temperature sensors are categorized into two types:
– Contact type sensors
– Non-Contact type sensors
Contact type sensors:
These measure their own temperature i.e., they are in contact with the metal and
will be in thermal equilibrium.
Non-Contact type:
These infer temperature by measuring the thermal radiations emitted by the
material.
Temperature sensors
Contact type sensors:
• Thermocouples
• Resistive temperature devices
Non-Contact type sensors:
• IR thermometers
-These measure the temperature by detecting the infrared energy emitted by
the material.
-This consists of a lens which senses the IR signal and converts it into
electrical signal which is displayed in temperature units.
-These are applied when the object is moving, surrounded by EM field or
when a fast response is required.
Thermocouple Temperature Measurement Sensors
Principle of operation:
Thermocouples work on the principle of Seebeck effect.
They are available in bead type or probe type construction.
They consist of two junctions: cold junction and hot junction.
The voltage developed between two junctions is called Seebeck voltage.
Voltage is in the order of millivolts.
They generate energy in the order of microwatts-milliwatts.
Different types of thermocouples:
Type
Composition
Range
Good for
Type K
Chromel (Ni-Cr alloy) / Alumel (NiAl alloy)
−200 °C to 1200 °C
Oxidizing or neutral
applications
Type E
Chromel / Constantan (Cu-Ni alloy)
−200 °C to 900 °C
Oxidizing or inert
applications
Type J
Iron / Constantan
−40 °C to 750 °C
Vacuum, reducing,
or inert apps
Type N
Nicrosil (Ni-Cr-Si alloy) / Nisil (Ni-Si
alloy)
−270 °C to 1300 °C
Oxidizing or neutral
applications
Type T
Copper / Constantan
−200 °C to 350 °C
Oxidizing, reducing
or inert apps
Type R
Platinum /Platinum with 13% Rhodium
0 °C to 1600 °C
Type S
Platinum /Platinum with 10% Rhodium
Type B
Platinum-Rhodium/Pt-Rh
Not recommended
for
Cost
Sensitivity
Low
(11.65$ to
48.63$)
41 µV/°C
Low
68 µV/°C
Low
52 µV/°C
Low
39 µV/°C
Wet or humid
environments
Low
43 µV/°C
High temperatures
Shock or vibrating
equipment
High
10µV/°C
0 °C to 1600 °C
High temperatures
Shock or vibrating
equipment
High
10µV/°C
50 °C to 1800 °C
High temperatures
Shock or vibrating
equipment
High
10µV/°C
Use under 540ºC
Oxidizing or humid
environments
Thermocouples
Theory of operation:
– Figure 1 shows the typical
Type-J thermocouple.
– The emf shown in the figure is
the Seebeck voltage which is
developed because of the
temperature difference.
– Figure 2 shows the cold
junction compensation (CJC).
Thermocouples
Calculations:
The voltage generated by the thermocouple is given by the equation:
V= S* ΔT
Where, V= voltage measured (V)
S= Seebeck coefficient (V/°C)
ΔT= difference in temperature between two junctions
Hence the unknown temperature can be calculated using the equation,
T= Tref + V/S in °C
Thermocouples
• Thermocouples are available in wire bead type or probe type.
• Bead type are used for low temperature applications and probe type for high
temperature applications.
• In selecting a thermocouple for particular application type, insulation and
probe construction is considered.
• Location of the thermocouple plays a major role for accurate measurement.
As a ‘rule of thumb’ it is located at 1/3rd distance from the heat source and
2/3rd distance from workload.
Characteristics of Thermocouples:
Characteristics of Thermocouples:
Precautions and considerations for using thermocouples:
– Connection problems
– Lead Resistance
– Decalibration
– Noise
– Common Mode Voltage
– Thermal Shunting
Thermocouples
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
– Self-powered
– Non-linear
– Simple in construction
– Low voltage
– Rugged
– Less stable
– Wide temperature range
– Reference required
– Wide variety
– Inexpensive
Resistance Temperature Devices
They work by undergoing change in electrical resistance, with change in
temperature.
These are low cost and low temperature range sensors.
These are of two types:
• RTDs
• Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
They work on the principle of positive temperature coefficient.
RTDs are used to measure the temperatures ranging from -196 to 482 deg C
or (-320 to 900 deg Fahrenheit)
Common Resistance Materials for RTDs:
• Platinum (most popular and accurate)
• Nickel
• Copper
• Balco (rare)
• Tungsten (rare)
RTDs
Calculations:
R(T)=R0*(1+a*T+ b*T^2)
–
–
–
R (T) = Resistance at temperature T
R0 = Resistance at Nominal Temperature
a and b are calibration constants, where
a= 3.9692 * 10^-3 /°C
b= -5.8495 * 10^-7 /°C
The relationship between voltage and RTD’s resistance is given by:
V= (Vref*R(T))/(R(0)+R(T))
RTDs
Advantages:
•
•
•
•
Stable output for a long period of time
Ease of recalibration
Accurate readings over narrow temperature range
Linear output
Disadvantages:
• Smaller temperature range when compared to thermocouples
• High initial cost and less rugged to environmental vibrations
• Not self-powered
• Self heating
RTDs
Applications:
•
They are used for precision process temperature control.
•
Widely used in industrial applications.
•
Directly used in recorders, temperature controllers, transmitters and digital
ohmmeters
Thermistors
These are similar to RTDs.
These work on negative temperature coefficient.
These are made up of semiconductor devices.
Variation is non-linear.
Thermistors are used to measure the temperatures ranging from -45 to 260
deg C or (-50 to 500 deg Fahrenheit).
Thermistors
Thermistor symbol
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
•High output
•Fast response
•Two wire ohms measurement
•Non-linear
•Limited temperature range
•Not self-powered
•Self heating
Thermistors
Applications:
•
Can be used as a liquid level indicator or as a liquid level controller
•
To measure temperature in Medical Applications
•
Temperature Control
Software aspect: (Thermistor and RTD application)
• Application of RTD for detecting the environment temperature.
• This uses the microcontroller board which has an inbuilt Thermistor which is
used to compare the readings of both sensors.
• The environmental temperature is measured and displayed on the LCD screen
of the microcontroller and updated every 1 second.
• RTD is connected to one of the ADCs of the microcontroller and this value is
also displayed on the LCD and updated for every 1 second.
Temperature Controllers
What are temperature controllers?
How to select a controller?
The following items should be considered when selecting a controller:
–Type of input sensor (thermocouple, RTD) and temperature range
–Type of output required (electromechanical relay or analog output)
–Control algorithm needed (on/off, proportional, PID)
–Number and type of outputs (heat, cool, alarm, limit)
Different types of controllers:
•On/Off controller
•Proportional controller
•PID controller
Temperature controllers
On-Off controller:
• This is a simple mechanism for temperature control device, whenever
temperature crosses the set point, controller switches the output.
• It is a cyclic process.
• In order to prevent the continual operation, a differential or hysteresis is used.
• It is used in slow temperature change applications.
Eg: Temperature alarm system.
Temperature controllers
Proportional controller:
• It eliminates the cyclic problem of on-off controller.
• This slows down the time at which heater approaches the set point by
decreasing the average power supplied.
• This time proportioning phenomenon controls the ON time and OFF time of
the controller.
• Proportioning action occurs within a proportional band.
• Output is ON within the band (below set point) and OFF outside the band
(above the set point).
Temperature controllers
PID controller:
• Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller.
• It is a closed loop control system.
Conclusion
Thermocouples,
– Produce a difference voltage in response to a temperature gradient
developed along its length.
– Must be referenced to a known temperature reference, a ‘cold junction’
for accurate measurement.
– Requires linearization for best over-temperature linearity response.
Resistance temperature devices,
RTD produce fast response than thermocouples at low temperatures and is
accurate and stable when compared to other sensors.
Thermistors are sensitive and less expensive compared to RTDs.
END
THANK YOU