Transcript meter_safety_workpla.. - IDEAL INDUSTRIES, INC.

IDEAL’s Test and Measurement
Meter Safety in the Workplace
Sponsored by Bud Grant,
ASM IDEAL Industries, Inc
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Agenda
• Awareness of potential Measurement
Hazards
–
–
–
–
OSHA and NFPA Explained
Arc Flash/Arc Blast
Who’s responsible for safety
Tools to keep you safe
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Meters and Safety in the
workplace
OSHA (YOU Shall DO)
1926.416 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7-1-94 Edition)
(g) Use of Equipment. (1) Work on energized equipment. Only qualified
persons may work on electrical circuit parts or equipment that have not
been de-energized. Such persons shall be capable of working safely on
energized circuits and shall be familiar with the proper use of special
precautionary techniques, personal protective equipment, insulating and
shielding materials, and insulated tools.
NFPA 70E (How To)
130.2(C) Approach to Live Parts Operating at 50 volts or More:
No qualified person shall approach or take any conductive object closer
to exposed live parts operating at 50 volts or more than the Restricted
Approach Boundary [minimum 3’ 6” for exposed fixed circuit
part]……unless… The qualified person is insulated or guarded
from the live parts operating at 50 volts or more 70E 130.2(C)(1)
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Meters and Safety in the
workplace
Article 110: (A) Training Shall apply to employees who
face risk of electrical hazard
– Persons shall be trained in safety related work
practices and procedures
– A person should be able to identify and understand
the relationship between the electrical hazards and
possible energy.
• 110 Qualified Personal
• 110 6.(D)(1)( C) Proper Skills and Cognitive abilities to
know the hazards and use proper Personal Protective
Equipment.
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Why should we be
Concerned?
• An electrician
troubleshooting a live
480V motor control
center receives serious
second- and third-degree
burns from an electric arc.
The cause?
– Meter was incorrectly
switched on his
multimeter to read
resistance instead of
voltage.
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Why should we be
Concerned?
• Two electricians are severely
burned — one fatally — while
testing for voltage in a motor
starter. One held the multimeter
while the other applied the
meter's probes to energized
terminals. One electrician's
movement caused one test lead
banana plug (energized from
the circuit under test) to pull
loose from the multimeter jack.
– The plug made contact with
the starter's grounded metal
enclosure and initiated a
high-energy arc.
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Who is Responsible
110 6.(D) (1) (a) Persons shall be familiar with the proper
use of special precautionary techniques
• Personal Protection
Equipment (PPE)
– Arc Flash, insulating
and shielding
materials
– Insulated tools
– Test Equipment
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Who is responsible
110.7 An employer shall implement an overall electrical
safety program that directs the activities of employees when
exposed to electrical hazards or risk.
• (E) Electrical safety program shall identify the
procedure for working on, or near live parts >50 Volts
• (F) A procedure for evaluating hazard and risk
associated with work on or near live parts operating
above 50 volts, where an electrical hazard exists,
before work can be started.
• The decision to work on energized circuits should be
in accordance with guidelines as specified in Article
130.1 (A)
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Ratings for Test Equipment
110.9 (1)Test instrumentation, equipment and associated
accessories must be rated for the circuits and equipment to
which they will be connected.
– IEC or UL 61010 Category ratings
– Test equipment must be selected based on
the intended use and expected voltage or
current ratings.
– Cost should not be a part of the equation.
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Ratings for Test Equipment
• International Electro-technical
Commission or IEC
– IEC 61010 requires an instrument provide
protection against “over-voltage impulse
transients” - voltage spikes.
– Electric Shock or burns
– Mechanical hazards
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Ratings for Test Equipment
• International Electro-technical
Commission or IEC
– IEC 61010 and is the basis for:
•
•
•
•
•
ANSI/ISA-S82.01-94 (US)
CAN C22.2 No. 1010.1-92 (CAN)
EN61010-1:1993 (EUR)
UL-61010B-1
61010B-1 incorporates features of the IEC 601010 standard,
but this standard has improved safety benefits over the old
UL384 and UL1244 standard
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Ratings for Test Equipment
• High Voltage transients come
from lightning, large inductive
loads being switched on and off,
or capacitive discharge
– If a lighting strike was to hit
your electrical service a certain
amount of energy or impulse
would travel and be dissipated
by the electrical service.
– The closer to the source of the
impulse the Higher available
fault current.
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Impulse Fault
– The closer to the source of the impulse the Higher
available fault current.
– If an instrument was to be hit by an impulse and a
fault condition was to occur the Available energy
“Fuels” the Fault.
– Lets use the example of water or water pressure.
– The larger the pipe the Greater the potential
– The closer to the supply the Greater the potential
Faucet with
½ inch
supply line
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Fireman
with a 4 inch
hose
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Ratings for Test Equipment
• Rating on input protection on Test
instruments and Equipment are in
order of potential available
energy. The closer you are to the
source the Higher the Category
rating of the equipment
• IEC 61010 breaks energy rating
down to four Categories:
–
–
–
–
CAT IV Origin of installation,
CAT III Distribution Level,
CAT II Local level,
CAT I Signal Level,
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Ratings for Test Equipment
What “Voltage” In the Rating Really means
Remember Ohm’s Law Earlier
• Voltage rating by
itself can be
misleading.
– CAT III-1000V (8kV
transient) is safer than
CAT III-600V (6kV
transient)
– But CAT III-600V is safer
than CAT II-1000V
© 2007 Ideal Industries
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CAT III-600V or CAT II-1000V?
The greater the source impedance,
the lower the Category:
• CAT III-600V:
– 6 kV impulse
– 2 Ohm test source
• CAT II-1000V:
– 6 kV impulse
– 12 Ohm test source
A CAT III-600V 6kV test
impulse has 6 times the
current of a CAT II-1000V
6kV test impulse!
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Certified Devices and
Equipment
• Pay close attention to the safety
rating on the equipment.
– Never use equipment that is not
properly rated [110.9 (1)]
• Look for tools that are
Certificated by an independent
lab,
– UL , IEC, CSA.
• Never use accessories that are not
recommended or rated for your
tester or environment.
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IEC Cat ratings
The New UL 61010B-1
standard incorporates
features of the IEC 601010
standard. This standard has
improved safety benefits over
the old UL 1244 standard
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Example, Visual Inspection
110.9 (3) Visually Inspect Equipment and all
associated accessories for defects and damage
– If an instrument or equipment show any signs of
damage it most be removed from service.
– Equipment may not be returned to service until it
is properly repaired or replaced.
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Example, Visual Inspection
110.9 (3) (cont)Visually Inspect Equipment and all
associated accessories for defect and damage.
– Check for any contaminate on the test
leads, tester case, holsters, and accessories.
– Never use testers that have signs of
cracked case, contaminants, loose or
defective components.
– Most defects are the result of normal wear
around input connectors or terminals,
function switches and controls.
– Operational defects may not be so easily
detected through a visual inspections.
• Low Batteries, Defective leads, fuses
and etc.
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Example, Visually Inspection
Visually inspect Test Leads
•
•
An easy test for testing leads is to use the
meter’s ohms function.
Short the leads and move the wire around
the input connectors and lead grips.
– If the meter reads < 0.3 ohms leads should
be OK, if > 0.5 ohms leads may need to be
replace.
• Some users are now using Fused lead.
You may only need to change a fuse.
•
Check for the following.
– Insulation not damaged: melted or
discolored, cut, cracked, or stretched
– Connectors: no insulation pulled away
from end connectors
– Probe tips: arc burns, loose or broken
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Common Mistakes Made
Current input on a Digital multimeter normally has very low
resistance And appears as a short circuit if voltage is measured
• Make sure not to exceed
the Max input of your
meter.
– Most common mistake is to
measure voltage with the
leads in the current inputs.
– Current inputs are very low
resistance. It appears as a
short circuit to Voltage.
– For current input protection
most DMMs’ are Fused.
– Look for high energy fusing.
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Current
Protection
Fuse
Ideal 61-490 series give a probe error
message and High audible warning if
this mistake to done.
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Common Mistakes Made
Function Switch in wrong function for attempted
measurement
• Example: AC or DC voltage
measurement with function switch
in Ohms.
• Most Ideal meters are Overload
Protected and the protected levels
are listed in the operation manual.
– User my get a false sense that the
circuit is de-energized when in fact
the circuit my be energized.
Ideal 61-700 series will give you a HiV and audible warning if you make
this Mistake
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Common Mistakes Made
•Using a meter in an area above its stated rating
• Example: 2,300 voltage
measurement with an
instrument rated for Low
Voltage (600V AC/DC.)
• Overload Protected can not
protect you from this Kind of
mistake.
• Most Overload protected is
rated based on instruments
highest voltage measurement
rating.
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There are Bold Electricians and Old
electricians, but not many Bold-Old
ones
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Common Safety Hazards
High Voltage transients from lightning, large inductive
loads being switched on and off, or capacitive discharge.
• Select meter with
the proper UL/IEC
Category rating for
the environment
that user is going to
be working in.
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When should work begin
120.1 An electrical safe condition does not exist until the
following conditions are met.
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–
–
–
All possible sources are Identified
Isolate loads, open disconnect devices for each load
If possible, visually verify disconnect devices
Apply lockout/Tag-out devices in accordance to documented
procedures or practices
– Use properly rated Voltage Detection device to test Phase
conductor or parts.
• Measure both phase to phase, and phase to ground.
• Use the three point measurement method
• Measure a know source first, the unknown, then back to the known
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When should work begin
120.1(cont.) An electrical safe condition does not exist until
the following conditions are met.
– When there is a possibility of inducted or stored energy
present ground the phase conductors
• When it could be possible that a de-energized circuit come in
contact with a energized circuit use grounding connection
devices rated for the possible available fault.
• Refer to 120.1 for an approved grounding connector..
– Induced (Ghost) Voltage conditions are cause by
inductive ( or Capacitive) voltage into conductors in close
proximity to other conductors.
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Induced or Ghost Voltage
• Induced Voltage conditions can
be tricky to detect.
• The input impedance of most
Digital Multimeters are in the
range of 10 Meg-Ohm
• This impedance is not sufficient
to dissipate induced or what is
sometimes call Ghost voltage.
• Low impedance testers or
solenoid testers are very useful
when testing were induced
energy may be a problem.
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Lockout/Tagout
120.2 Establishes the requirement for the implementation
for Lockout/Tag-out procedures
•
•
•
This is to ensure that when hazardous
energy is removed that there is a controlled
process that insures this state.
That there is a method to verifie the absence
of voltage using and approved voltage
testing device.
The employer shall provide training as
required to ensure employees understand all
aspects of the Lockout/Tag-out procedures.
– 120.2(E)(2) Employer must provide the
necessary equipment to implement the
requirements of lockout/tag out
procedure.
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Lockout/Tag-out
120.2(F) The employer must implement lockout/tag-out
procedures for the company in accordance with and including
elements and requirements as defined in article 120.
– Many world class companies
already have LO/TO programs in
place
– IDEAL conducts review Lockout/Tag out seminars at
distributors and at end user sites.
– Training instruction material is
also available if the end user wants
adapt to current safety programs
already in existence.
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Testing
120.2(F)(2)(f) Testing procedures shall establish the
following.
– The testing device
• Who will use the testing device
– The boundary of the safe zone established by the
Lockout/tag-out
– Requirements for testing a conductor before it is
touched
– Retesting if conditions change or job location has
been left unattended.
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When Can You Work Hot?
NFPA-70E 130.1 Justification for Work
Qualified electrical workers shall not be asked to work on
equipment that is “hot” or “live” except for two reasons :
1.
2.
De-energizing introduces additional or increased hazards
a)
Cutting ventilation to a hazardous location
b)
Interruption of life support equipment
c)
Deactivation of emergency alarms
It is infeasible due to equipment design or operational limitations
a)
Doing voltage testing for diagnostics or troubleshooting that
can only be performed with the circuit energized
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Meter Safety In the Workplace
*OSHA 1910.333 (a)(1) & NFPA3070
ofE
382-1.1.1
Approach Boundaries to Live
parts
130.2(A) Shock hazards analysis shall determine level personnel are
exposed to hazards, and assess boundary Limits and requirements for
PPE.
– defined to four different
approach boundaries.
•
•
•
•
Limited Boundary
Restricted Boundary
Prohibited Boundary
Flash protection Boundary
– Approach boundaries are
defended in Table 130.2 ( C)
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Approach Boundaries to Live
parts
•130.4 Test instrument and equipment use.
• Only Qualified Person
shall perform testing
work on or near live
parts operating at >50
volts [110 6.(D) (1) (c )]
• Each person should be
training to understand
how to use specified test
instruments and
equipment
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Not just Your Test Meters !!
130.7 (A) Personal and Other Protective Equipment
– Employee working in areas where there
are electrical hazards shall be provided
with, and shall use, protective equipment
that is designed and constructed for the
specific part of the body to be protected
and for the work to be performed.
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OSHA Qualified Workers
•§ 1926.416 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7-1-94 Edition)
(g) Use of Equipment. (1) Work on energized equipment. Only
qualified persons may work on electrical circuit parts or
equipment that have not been de-energized under the procedures
or paragraph (b) of this section. Such persons shall be capable of
working safely on energized circuits and shall be familiar with
the proper use of special precautionary techniques, personal
protective equipment, insulating and shielding materials, and
insulated tools. (OSHA Standard)
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OSHA Protection Safeguards
§ 1910.335 Safeguards for personal protection:
(a) Use of protective equipment.(1) Personal
protective equipment.(i) Employees working in areas
where there are potential electrical hazards shall be
provided with, and shall use, electrical protective
equipment that is appropriate for the specific parts
of the body to be protected and for the work to be
performed.
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Interpreting OSHA
•Official Interpretation From OSHA Officials:
Insulated hand tools (which conform to IEC 900 and
ASTM F1505 standards) rated for the voltage involved
would be considered insulation of the person from the
energized part on which work is being performed.
Generally, those tools which have a max. rated voltage
of 1,000 volts for AC applications and 1,500 volts for
DC applications would be suitable for work covered
under the provisions of 29 CFR 1910 Subpart S.
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Do you Test or Calibrate you
Equipment?
• 250.1 Maintenance requirements for personal
safety and protective equipment as listed must be
maintained in accordance with the manufacturers
recommendations or listing
• 250.2 Inspection and testing of protection
equipment and protections tools
– Visual inspection for damage or defects before use and intervals as
required, but not to exceed 1 year.
– Shall be verified by appropriate testing, at acceptable interval, to
acceptable standards or practices, to insure proper operation.
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Thank you
IDEAL Industries, Inc
Test and Measurement Division
1 Becker Place
Sycamore, Il 60178
(800) 435-0705
You may want to refer to the Following
•
•
•
•
•
NFPA 70E 2004, Handbook for electrical safety in the workplace.
ANSI C62.41 - IEEE Recommended Practice on Surge Voltages
IEC 60101
UL 601010B
Case histories come from an IEEE paper entitled “Personnel
Safety and Plant Reliability Considerations in the Selection and
Use of Voltage Test Instruments,” (IEEE Transactions on
Industry Applications, Vol. 33, No. 2, March/April
1997),written by H. Landis Floyd II and Brian J. Nenninger.
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