Transcript A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

A+ Guide to Managing and
Maintaining your PC, 6e
Chapter 5
Processors and Chipsets (v0.9)
Processors
• Processor and chipset are located on
motherboard
– Components determine computing power
and features of computer system
• Also known as the CPU or microprocessor
• Major manufacturers: Intel, AMD, and VIA
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Basic CPU Functions
• performs calculations
• executes instructions
• processes data from software and I/O
ports
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CPU Language
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Recognizes a set of instructions
Intel x86 standard
Extensions (MMX, SSE, 3DNow)
Decodes and executes the instructions
it receives from the OS or applications
software
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CPU Instructions
• Executes instructions
– binary (machine) code
– assembly language
• High level language
– C++, BASIC, FORTRAN
– software compiler converts program to
machine code
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Front Side & Back Side Bus
– External (front-side)
bus
– Internal (back-side) bus
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Data Path and Word Size
• Data path
– Transports data into processor
• Word path
– Number of bits processed in one
operation
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Parts of a CPU (8088)
• Execution Unit (EU)
– Executes instructions
– Performs calculations
• Bus Interface Unit (BIU)
– Interface to the motherboard
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Functions (EU)
• General Registers
• store data and status flags
• ALU
• math and logic calculations
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Functions (BIU)
• Bus Control Logic
– interface to the buses on the
motherboard
• Instruction Queue
– lines up the instructions for decoding
and processing
• Address Control
– Generates memory address to write
to or fetch data from
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CPU Registers
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CPU Buses
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Buses - General
• Provide a path for a CPU to work with other
parts of the computer system
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Types of Buses
• Data Bus
• Address Bus
• Control Bus
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Data Bus
• Provides a path for the CPU to exchange
data with peripherals
• Bus width varies
– 8 bits to 64 bits wide
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Address Bus
• enables CPU to access any particular location in
main RAM
• amount of RAM than can be addressed depends
on the width of the address bus
• 8088 (20 address lines, 1024K of RAM)
• Pentium III (36 address lines, 64G of RAM)
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Control Bus
• defines a collection functions that the CPU
provides or requires to interact with other
motherboard components
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voltage
IRQ control
DMA control
reset
status & enable
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CPU Speed
• measured in megahertz (gigahertz)
• million (billion) cycles per second
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Clock Speed & Performance
• In general the higher the CPU speed, the faster
data is processed
– similar CPU designs
• Performance is dependent upon
– how efficiently a CPU processes data
– how efficiently software takes advantage of the
CPU’s features
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Processor & System Speeds
• System bus frequency or speed
– Faster than other buses; e.g., 1066 MHz, 800 MHz
• Processor frequency or speed
– Refers to speed of internal operations; e.g., 3.2 GHz
– System bus frequency x multiplier = processor
frequency
– Overclocking: running processor at excessive speed
– Throttling: decreasing speed when overheating
occurs
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CPU Improvements
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Increased clock speed
Ability to address more memory
Wider internal and external data bus widths
Multiple ALU’s
More efficient instructions
Cache memory
Dual (Multiple) Core
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Instruction Handling Times
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8086/8088
286/386
486
Pentium/K6
P6/K7
- 12 cycles per instruction
- 4.5 cycles per instruction
- 2 cycles per instruction
- 1 to 2 cycles per instruction
- up to 3 instructions/cycle
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Figure 5-2 Since the Pentium processor was first
released in 1993, the standard has been for a
processor to have two arithmetic logic units so that it
can process two instructions at once
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Cache Memory
• Improves performance
• Compensates for slow RAM access
• Uses high speed SRAM memory for
blocks of data that are often and/or
repeatedly used
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Figure 5-4 Cache memory (SRAM) is used to
temporarily hold data in expectation of what the
processor will request next
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Hyperthreading (Intel)
• Based on fact that a multitasking OS
breaks up tasks into threads
– Windows 2000 and XP
– Windows XP is optimized for HT
• Enables the CPU to easily process threads
in parallel
– Reduces time required to process a task
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The Intel Processors
• Older Pentiums no longer sold by Intel
– Classic Pentium, Pentium MMX, Pro, II, and III
• Celeron
– Uses a 478-pin socket or a 775-land socket
– Uses Level 2 cache within processor housing
• Pentium 4
– Runs at up to 3.8 GHz
– Later versions use Hyper-Threading (HT) Technology
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The Intel Processors
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Pentium 4
DuoCore Processors
Quad Core
Celeron and Xeon are offshoots
from Pentium family
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Figure 5-8 The Pentiums are sometimes sold boxed with a
cooler assembly
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The Intel Processors (continued)
• Some mobile Pentium processors
– Pentium M, Mobile Pentium 4, and Celeron M
• Xeon processors
– Use HT Technology and dual-core processing
– Designed for servers and high-end workstations
• The Itaniums
– External data path is 128 bits
– L1 cache on processor die, L2 and L3 cache on board
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AMD Processors
• Manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices, Inc
• Geared to 64-bit desktop and mobile processors
• Current AMD processors
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For desktops: Athlon 64 X2 Dual-Core, Athlon 64 FX
For servers: Athlon MP, Opteron
For notebooks: Turion 64 Mobile, Mobile Athlon 64
Budget PC’s: Semprons
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VIA and Cyrix Processors
• Use same sockets as earlier Pentium
processors
• Target: personal electronics and
embedded devices
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Processor Packages
• Processor package: provides processor housing
• Flat and thin processor packages
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Lay flat in a socket or motherboard
Connectors can be pins or lands (newer)
Intel example: PPGA (Plastic Pin Grid Array)
AMD example: CPGA (Ceramic Pin Grid Array)
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Figure 5-12 This Intel Celeron processor is housed in
the PPGA form factor, which has pins on the underside
that insert into Socket 370
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PGA Packaging
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Socket 478
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Socket 775
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Socket 939/940
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The Chipset
• Set of chips on the motherboard
• Controls memory cache, external buses,
peripherals, RAM, I/O
• Intel dominates the market for chipsets
• Other maker of motherboard chipsets
– Via, SiS
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Figure 5-18 Using Intel 800 series Accelerated Hub
Architecture, a hub interface is used to connect slower I/O
buses to the system bus
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Heat Sinks and Cooling Fans
• Cooling assembly must keep temperatures <185° F
• Target temperature range: 90° - 100° F
– One or more fans are needed to meet cooling needs
• Cooling fan sits on top of processor with wire or clip
• Heat sink: clip-on device pulling heat from
processor
• Cooler: combination of heat sink and cooling fan
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Voltage to the Processor
• Earlier processors drew power from system
bus lines
– Newer motherboards may have a power
connector
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Figure 5-23 Auxiliary 4-pin power cord from the power
supply connects to the ATX12V connector on the
motherboard to provide power to the Pentium 4
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CPU Voltage Regulator
• Voltages could be set on some older motherboards
– Enabled motherboard to support various CPUs
• Ways to configure voltage on older motherboards
– Set jumpers to configure voltage to processor
– Use a voltage regulator module (VRM)
• A VRM can be embedded or installed with upgrade
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Figure 5-42 The CPU and motherboard temperature is
monitored by CMOS setup
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Installing a CPU
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1. Release the CPU socket lever
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2. Lift the socket cover
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3. Place CPU in the socket
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4. Push lever into position
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5. Secure Heat Sink on the CPU
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6. Connect fan to MB connector
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Summary
• Basic CPU components: I/O unit, control unit, ALUs
• Registers: high speed memory used by ALU in current
processing
• Internal cache: holds frequently used instructions
• Types of buses in CPU: internal and external (system)
• Standard Intel Pentium features: two ALUs, 64-bit
external path size and two 32-bit internal paths
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Summary (continued)
• Processors are housed inside a processor package
• Processors fit into slots or sockets in the motherboard
• The chipset controls memory cache, external buses
and some peripherals
• A cooler comprises a cooling fan and a heat sink
• A voltage regulator module (VRM) controls the
amount of voltage to a processor
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