Transcript Lecture 05 Hardware Components I_rev

Computer Fundamental
Lecture 5
Computer System
Hardware Components (I)
Computer Case
Motherboard
CPU
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Computer System Overview
Computer System = Hardware + Software
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The operating system (OS) is the software that controls
functionality and provides lower-level routines for
application programs.
Most operating systems provide functions to read and write
data to files.
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An operating system translates requests for operations on files
into operations that the disk controller can perform. The
operating system helps the computer perform four basic
operations
• Input / Ouptut
• Processing
• Storage
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Hardware Components (Personal Computer)
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Power Supplies and Computer Cases / Chassis
Motherboard
CPU (Central Process Unit) / Processor
Cache Memory
Memory (RAM / DRAM)
BIOS / Flash ROM
Bus and expansion slots (expansion card e.g. sound card, SCSI card)
Video/Graphics Cards and Monitors
Different types of I/O Port (serial port, parallel port, USB port, Firewire)
Storage Devices (Floppy, Hard Drive, CDROM, DVDROM, USB Flash)
Modem and Network Interface Cards (NICs)
Wireless Devices (Wireless LAN card, Bluetooth, IrDA)
Mouse / Keyboard
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Computer Cases – Tower
ATX
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Computer Cases - Desktop
ATX
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Desktop model – sits on a desk horizontally. The monitor can be set on
top of the case. This choice can be a space-saver.
Tower model – Stands upright in a vertical position that allows easy
placement on the floor. Mini-tower, mid-tower and full-tower cases are
available.
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Rack Mounted Server
1U = 44.45 mm (1.75 in)
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Computer Cases (cont.)
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Typical back panel layouts
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Types of Form Factors
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AT (Advanced Technology) form factor
 Specified motherboard dimensions of 12” x 13.8”
 Utilized by IBM AT PC in the 1980s
Baby AT form factor
 Specified motherboard dimensions of 13” x 8.7”
 Industry standard form factor from 1993 to 1997
ATX form factor
 Specified motherboard dimensions of 12” x 9.6”
 Open specification that is most commonly used today
 Includes all AT voltages plus a +3.3-volt circuit
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e
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Types of Form Factors
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MicroATX form factor
 Reduces number of I/O slots on the motherboard
BTX (Balanced Technology Extended) form factor
 Focuses on reducing heat and supporting motherboard
LPX and Mini-LPX form factors
 Designed for low-end PC motherboards
NLX form factor
 Developed to improve the LPX form factor
Backplane Systems (Active and Passive)
 Use boards with slots, but little or no circuitry
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e
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Power Supply - Components
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Case and cover
Power cord
Voltage selector (i.e. 110V or 230V)
Power switch
Power converter
Motherboard power connector
Disk drive power connectors
Fan
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Fuse
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Motherboard Power
Connector
Disk Drive Power
Connector
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Factors to Consider When Selecting a Power Supply
Factor
Explanation
Wattage
In order to upgrade the PC with more equipment or faster
processors, the power supply must provide enough power
to the equipment without becoming overloaded.
http://extreme.outervision.com/psucalculator.jsp
Form factor
(E.g. ATX,
MicroATX)
Depending on the type of case and motherboard selected,
the power supply must adhere to the same form factor
requirement as these items in order to fit inside the case
and correctly power the motherboard and other devices.
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Factors to Consider When Selecting a Power Supply
Factor
Rationale
CPU type
Different CPUs require different voltages. For example
some AMD chips and motherboards require more power
than certain Intel chips and vice versa.
Expandability
If the power supply only has enough power to supply the
current CPU, motherboard, and devices, there might not
be enough power to supply any upgrade to the system.
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Factors to Consider When Selecting a Power Supply
Factors
Rationale
Energy
efficiency
If the power supply has an efficiency rating. The higher the
rating, the lower the heat generated by the power supply
when converting voltage.
Fan type and
Direction
The power supply must have a high-quality fan, because the
fan is the primary source of airflow inside the case. Some
fans can change direction to allow air to be blown directly
on the CPU and to regulate the quality of the air entering the
case.
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Factors to Consider When Selecting a Power Supply
Factors
Rationale
Control
signals
Modern power supplies can be regulated by the
motherboard. The main board can regulate the speed of the
fan, depending on the temperature inside the case. The
board can also turn off the fan to save power, and some
‘smart’ power supplies can turn off the computer in the
event of a fan failure before the components overheat.
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Factors to Consider When Selecting a Power Supply
Factors
Rationale
Fault
tolerance
If you have a PC that needs to be on at all times, consider
using a dual power supply. If one unit fails, the other one
takes over. Some design enable a power supply to be
replaced while the computer is still powered.
Line
conditioning
One way to ensure that the DC voltages supplied to the PC
are kept at normal levels when spikes or brownouts occur is
to install a power supply that has built-in conditioning. These
units ensure that the DC voltages supplied to the system
remain stable, even when the incoming AC current is not.
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Cooling Systems
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The power supply fan helps prevent the computer components from
overheating by maintaining airflow in the case.
A heat sink is made of a material that absorbs generated heat. It is
designed to disperse the heat away from the CPU
Computer cases made of aluminum create a much cooler environment
for the installed components.
Liquid cooled cases - They introduce water as a cooling agent. Liquid
cooling units fit most cases that have a place to mount a back exhaust
fan.
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Motherboard
The motherboard is also called the system board or the main board.
Everything else in the system plugs into, is controlled by, or depends on
the motherboard to communicate with other devices on the system. The
system board is the largest of the printed circuit boards. Every system
has one. The system board generally houses the following components:
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The CPU
The controller circuitry
The Bus
The RAM
The expansion slots for
additional boards
 The ports for external
devices
 The Complementary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor (CMOS)
 The other Read Only memory (ROM)
 The BIOS chips
 The support chips providing varied
functionality
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I/O Ports
What kinds of device can be connected to the USB ports?
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I/O Ports
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Motherboard Components
Components
Description
Chipset
A chip set is a set of chips on the motherboard that
collectively controls the memory cache, external bus,
and some peripherals.
(North Bridge + South Bridge)
CPU interface
The socket or slot that the CPU connects to on the
motherboard.
Expansion slots
Receptacles [容器] on the motherboard that accept
printed circuit boards. All computers have expansion
slots that allow additional devices to be added.
Dip switches/jumpers
Used to change various aspects of how the motherboard
is configured.
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Motherboard Components (Cont)
Components
Description
I/O Ports
Connectors for input and output devices controlled by the main
board.
Internal buses
Channels for data to move between the devices attached to the
system, and to the CPU and its components.
Power supply
socket
The connection for the power supply that provides power to
the motherboard.
BIOS chip
Provides the computer with the basic instructions to start up
and check the hardware fro errors
Battery
Keeps system time and provides a way for the BIOS to
remember certain settings.
RAM sockets
Connectors for inserting memory chips
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The Chipset
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A chipset is a set of chips on the motherboard that collectively controls
the memory cache, external bus, and some peripherals.
e.g. Intel P35
Intel P43/P45
CPU
ISA
PCI
Slot
North
Bridge
Chip Set
RAM
VideoRAM
Slot
AMR
PCI BUS
South
Bridge
IDE
USB
Major Chipset Manufacturers: Intel, SiS, nVidia, ATI and ALi
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North Bridge and South Bridge
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The north bridge is the chipset on your motherboard used to control data
communication and control signals to and from the CPU, Memory, Onboard
Graphics / AGP Slot. These are the most important components of your
computer .
The south bridge incorporates a number of different controller functions. It
looks after the transfer of data to and from the hard disk and all the other I/O
devices, and passes this data into the link channel which connects to the
north bridge. With the new motherboards it should also handle PCI express
slots. Also it manages USB and RAID controllers on the board.
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North Bridge
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North Bridge
The north bridge chip, also called MCH (Memory Controller Hub) /
GMCH (Graphics and Memory Controller Hub) in Intel is connect
directly to the CPU and has basically the following functions:
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•
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Memory controller (*)
AGP bus controller (if available)
PCI Express x16 controller (if available)
Interface for data transfer with south bridge
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South Bridge
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South Bridge
The south bridge chip, also called ICH (I/O Controller Hub) is
connected to the north bridge and is in charge basically of controlling
I/O devices and on-board devices, e.g.
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Hard disk drive ports (Parallel and Serial ATA ports)
USB ports
On-board audio (*)
On-board LAN (**)
PCI bus
PCI Express lanes (if available)
Real time clock (RTC)
CMOS memory
Legacy devices like interrupt controller and DMA controller
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ROM BIOS
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BIOS manages the startup process (startup BIOS) and
many basic I/O functions of the system (system BIOS).
BIOS manufacturer
 American Megatrends Inc. (AMI)
 Phoenix Technologies
 IBM
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Different Types of ROM
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EPROM – ROM chips that can be erased and reprogrammed. Erasable
programmable read-only memory (EPROM) is a special types of
programmable read-only memory that can be erased by shining ultraviolet light
through a clear windows on the top of chip.
EEPROM – Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)
chips are erased using a higher-than-normal electric voltage instead of
ultraviolet light. (When the system BIOS or firmware is contained on
EERPOM, it can be upgraded (reprogrammed) by running special instructions.
Flash ROM – Special EEPROM chips that have been developed as a result of
advancements in EEPROM technology. Flash ROM holds the firmware, or
BIOS in most new systems. It can be reprogrammed under special software
control. Upgrading the BIOS by running special software is known as flashing.
The BIOS implemented on a Flash ROM is known as Plug and Play BIOS, and
it supports Plug and Play devices. These chips retain data when the computer is
powered down so information is permanently stored.
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CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)
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A battery-powered storage chip located on the system board. Stores
the system startup configuration and parameters.
CMOS stores the master configuration for all components in the
system.
The CMOS chip has rewritable memory since the configuration data
can be changed or updated as the components or devices in the
computer are changed.
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CMOS – configuration parameters
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Boot Sequence
Date / Time
Type of Floppy Disk Drive / LS120
Default display (e.g. VGA)
RAM Wait State
System Clock Rate / Bus Frequency Setting
Hard Drive Type
Microprocessor Type
Core-to-Bus Speed Ratio
Core Voltage Level
…….
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CMOS – configuration parameters
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CMOS – configuration parameters
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CMOS – configuration parameters
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Major components:
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) – The ALU performs both arithmetic
and logical operations. Arithmetic operations are fundamental math
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Logical
operations such as AND, OR and XOR make comparisons and decisions,
and these determine how a program is executed (For modern CPU, it may
have two or more ALU).
 Control Unit (CU) – The control unit instructs the rest of the computer
system on how to follow a program’s instructions. It directs the
movement of data to and from processor memory.
 Internal CPU Bus, which is responsible for data /control signal transfer
between the various units (e.g. ALU, registers and control unit).
 Registers, which are temporarily storage within the CPU (e.g.
instructions and data)
Remark:
Major manufacturers: Intel and AMD
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CPU
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Registers with specific functions
Registers within the CPU
 Program Counter (PC)
 Contains the address of the next instruction to be fetched from
memory
 Intel uses the name Instruction Point (IP)
 Instruction Register (IR)
 Contains the opcode (or instruction) being executed
 Memory Address Register (MAR)
 hold the address of next memory operation (load or store) For Intel
CPU, source index register (SI) and Destination Index Register (DI)
are used as MAR
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Registers with specific functions
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Memory Buffer Register (MBR)
 hold the content of memory operation (e.g. DX register of Intel
CPU)
Status Register / Flag Register
 Contain condition codes plus other status information.
 e.g. Sign, Zero, Carry, Equal, Overflow, Interrupt...
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CPU
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Processor Socket Types / Slot Types
 It is a descriptive term for the way certain processor plug into a computer
motherboard so that the processor makes contact with the motherboard’s
built-in circuitry or data bus.
 Examples:
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Socket T LGA 1366 for Intel Quad Core
Socket T LGA 1156 for Intel Core i7
Socket T LGA 775 for Intel Celeron Dual-Core
Socket 478 for Intel Pentium 4
Socket AM3 for AMD Phenom II / Athlon II
Socket AM2+ for AMD Athlon X2
Processor Speed Rating
 It is the specifications that indicate the maximum (reliable) operating
speed at which the CPU can execute instruction
 e.g. 3.0 GHz
Note: The CPU speed and the frequency of the clock signal are not always
at a one-to-one ratio. This is because the CPU can run at a much higher
speed than the other chips on the motherboard. A variable-frequency
synthesizer circuit, built into the motherboard circuit, multiplies the
clock signal so that the motherboard can support several speeds of CPUs.
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Terminology for CPU
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System bus frequency or speed
 Faster than other buses; e.g., 1066 MHz, 800 MHz
Processor frequency or speed
 Refers to speed of internal operations; e.g., 3.2 GHz
System bus frequency x multiplier = processor frequency
Overclocking: running processor at excessive speed
Throttling: decreasing speed when overheating occurs
Data path size and word size
 Data path: transports data into processor (bandwidth of FSB)
 Word path: number of bits processed in one operation
 E.g. For the Intel Pentium processors, the data path size of FSB is 64
bits and the word size is 32 bits respectively.
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Terminology for CPU
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Multiprocessing
 Simultaneous processing by two or more ALUs
Multiprocessor platform
 Contains two or more processors
Dual-core processing
 Processors share system bus, but have separate cache
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CPU Slot and Sockets
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A slot or socket is the physical connection used to attach the CPU to the
motherboard.
The type of socket or slot supplied by the motherboard for the processor
must match that required by the processor.
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CPU Slot and Sockets
Connector Name
Used by CPU
Number of Pins
Voltage
Socket 423
Pentium 4
423 pins 39x39
SPGA grid
1.7V and
1.75V
Socket 478
Pentium 4
478 pins in a dense 1.7V and
micro PGA
1.75V
(mPGA)
Socket PAC418
Itanium
418 pins
3.3V
PAC611
Itanium 2
611 pins
3.3V
Socket 603
Xeon DP and MP
603 pins
1.5 and 1.7V
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Example
SCEE Package
Slot 1 Connector
PGA Package
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CPU Speed
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The CPU’s speed is the frequency at which it executes instructions. This
frequency is measured in millions of cycles per second, or megahertz
(MHz); or billions of cycles per second, or gigahertz (GHz).
The CPU has an internal and an external speed. The external speed
corresponds with the motherboard’s speed, based on its system crystal.
Each pulse (generated by system crystal in motherboard) is called a clock
tick. The CPU’s internal speed is usually a multiple of that, so that
multiple operations occur internally per clock tick.
A CPU’s speed as described in its specifications is its internal speed.
(Note: Internal speed = Multiplier x External Speed)
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CPU Cache
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Each CPU has at least two caches: L1 and L2. The L1 cache is built into
the CPU on modern systems. It is the front-side cache, where data waits
to enter the CPU.
The L2 cache, or back-side cache, is where data exiting the CPU waits.
On modern systems, the L2 cache is within the CPU’s packaging but not
integrated into the CPU’s die. On older systems, the L2 cache was on a
separate set of chips on the motherboard. You can compare one CPU to
another according to the size of its L1 and L2 caches.
Some newer systems also have an L3 cache. It sits between the CPU and
RAM to optimize data transfer between them.
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CPU Voltage
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A CPU’s voltage is the amount of electricity provided to it by the
motherboard. Older CPUs have higher voltages (around +5V); newer
ones have lower voltages (less than +2V in some cases).
One reason a given motherboard cannot support many different CPUs
is that it must provide the correct voltage.
To get around this issue, some motherboards have voltage regulator
modules (VRMs) that are able to change the voltage based on the CPU.
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What is Overclocking
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In some system, the processor speed can be set higher than the rating
on chip; this called overclocking the chip.
By overclocking, you are using the margin and running the chip closer
to its true maximum speed.
Overclocking might enable you to get 10%-20% or more performance
from your system.
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CPU Technology – Hyper-Threading
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Intel’s Hyper-Threading (HT) Technology allows a single processor to
handle two independent sets of instructions at the same time.
HT Technology converts a single physical processor into two virtual
processors.
HT Technology is present in all Pentium 4 with 800 MHz CPU bus speed
(2.4 GHz up through 3.8 GHz) as well as the Pentium 4 Extreme Edition
and the dual-core Pentium Extreme Edition.
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How Hyper-Threading Technology Works
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Internally, an HT-enabled processor has two sets of general-purpose
registers, control registers, and other architecture components, but both
logical processors share the same cache, execution units and buses.
During operation, each logical processor handles a single thread (the most
basic unit of a running program).
Although the sharing of some processor components means that the
overall speed of an HT-enabled system isn’t as high as a true dualprocessor system would be, speed increases of 25% or more are possible
when multiple applications or a single multithreaded application is being
run (e.g 4 copies of IE).
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CPU Technology – Dual-core Technology
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HT Technology is designed to simulate two processors in a single physical
unit. Many applications do not support HT Technology and slow down
when HT Technology is enabled.
A dual-core processor contains two processor cores in a single processor
package.
A dual-core processor provides virtually all the advantages of a multipleprocessor computer at a cost lower than two matched processors.
Both AMD and Intel introduced dual-core x86 compatible processors in
2005 (AMD – Athlon 64 X2, Intel – the Pentium Extreme Edition).
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Dual Core (AMD CPU)
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Intel Core Duo architecture
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Intel Core Duo
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Intel Core Duo
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Intel Core 2 Duo
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32-bit processor
Two cores on one die
2 MB L2 cache by both cores
Arbiter bus controls both L2 cache and FSB access
64-bit processor
More L2 cache (2 MB to 6 MB)
Intel Core i3, i5, i7
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Low-level (i3), Mid-range (i5), high-end performance (i7)
DDR3 memory controller
L3 cache
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Intel Core processor family
Desktop
Laptop
Brand
Code-named
Cores
Fab
Date released
Code-named
Cores
Fab
Date released
Core Solo
Desktop version not available
Yonah
1
65 nm
Jan 2006
Core Duo
Desktop version not available
Yonah
2
65 nm
Jan 2006
Core 2 Solo
Desktop version not available
Merom-L
Penryn-3M
1
1
65 nm
45 nm
Sep 2007
May 2008
Core 2 Duo
Conroe
Allendale
Wolfdale
2
2
2
65 nm
65 nm
45 nm
Aug 2006
Jan 2007
Jan 2008
Merom
Penryn
2
2
65 nm
45 nm
Jul 2006
Jan 2008
Core 2 Quad
Kentsfield
Yorkfield
4
4
65 nm
45 nm
Jan 2007
Mar 2008
Penryn
4
45 nm
Aug 2008
Conroe XE
Kentsfield XE
Yorkfield XE
2
4
4
65 nm
65 nm
45 nm
Jul 2006
Nov 2006
Nov 2007
Merom XE
Penryn XE
Penryn XE
2
2
4
65 nm
45 nm
45 nm
Jul 2007
Jan 2008
Aug 2008
Core i3
Clarkdale
2
32 nm
Jan 2010
Arrandale
2
32 nm
Jan 2010
Core i5
Lynnfield
Clarkdale
4
2
45 nm
32 nm
Sep 2009
Jan 2010
Arrandale
2
32 nm
Jan 2010
Core i7
Bloomfield
Lynnfield
Gulftown
4
4
6
45 nm
45 nm
32 nm
Nov 2008
Sep 2009
Jul 2010
Clarksfield
Arrandale
4
2
45 nm
32 nm
Sep 2009
Jan 2010
Core i7
Extreme Edition
Bloomfield
Gulftown
4
6
45 nm
32 nm
Nov 2008
March 2010
Clarksfield
4
45 nm
Sep 2009
Core 2 Extreme
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Advanced Intel Microprocessor Technologies
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Intel Execute Disable Bit virus protection (XD bit)
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Execute Disable Bit allows the processor to classify areas in memory
by where application code can execute and where it cannot. When a
malicious worm attempts to insert code in the buffer, the processor
disables code execution, preventing damage and worm propagation.
Intel's Execute Disable Bit¹ functionality can help prevent certain
classes of malicious buffer overflow attacks when combined with a
supporting operating system.
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Advanced Intel Microprocessor Technologies
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EM64T 64-bit extension
 CPUs with this technology have a new operating mode, called IA32E,
which has two sub-modes:
 Compatibility mode: Allows 64-bit operating systems to run 32-bit
and 16-bit software unmodified. The operating system can have 64bit (in 64-bit mode), 32-bit and 16-bit (both on compatibility mode)
programs running at the same time. However, 32-bit programs will
run as if they were running on a 32-bit CPU, i.e. will access only up
to 4 GB of RAM. The same idea goes to 16-bit program, that will
still access only up to 1 MB of RAM.
 64-bit mode: Allows 64-bit operation systems to use the new 64-bit
addressing space provided by this technology.
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Advanced Intel Microprocessor Technologies
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Enhanced SpeedStep technologies (power management)
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This technology provides power saving modes for the CPU which
consist of lowered CPU frequency and lowered CPU core voltage, so
that overall power consumption of the processor is reduced and hence
battery life extended.
Virtualization Technology (VT)

this technology enables a CPU to act as if it were several CPUs
working in parallel, in order to enable several operating systems to run
at the same time in the same machine (It must be supported by software
e.g. VMWare).
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How to check CPU information
WCPUID software
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http://hp.vector.co.jp/authors/VA002374/src/download.html
Processor Type
CPU Speed
Socket/Slot Type
Internal Clock
L1, L2 cache
Other (MMX, SSE)
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Intel Processor Numbering
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Processor numbers are based on a variety of features that may include the
processor's underlying architecture, cache, front side bus, clock speed, power
and other Intel technologies that enhance your experience.
Architecture : Basic design of a microprocessor. May include technology
and/or other architectural enhancements.
Cache: A temporary storage area for frequently accessed or recently accessed
data. Having certain data stored in a cache speeds up the operation of the
computer.
Front Side Bus: The connecting path between processor and other key
components such as the memory controller hub. FSB speed is measured in
GHz or MHz.
Clock Speed: Speed of the processor’s internal clock, which indicates how
fast the processor can process data. Clock speed is usually measured in GHz.
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Processor numbers are categorized in 3-digit numerical sequences such as
800, 700, 600, 500, or 300. This number plus the processor family
comprise the overall "processor name". Within each number sequence are
specific processor numbers such as 840, 735, 640, 560, or 320. Processor
numbers now represent a broader set of features that influence the overall
user experience. Processor families may also change to reflect changes in
Intel's product offerings.
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Intel's processor number system is used with the following brands
Server
Intel® Core™2 Extreme
processor
Intel® Core™2 Quad
processor
Intel® Core™2 Duo processor
Intel® Core™ Duo processor
Intel® Core™2 Solo processor
Intel® Core™ Solo processor
Intel® Pentium® processor
Extreme Edition
Intel® Pentium® D processor
Intel® Pentium® dual-core
processor
Intel® Pentium® 4 processor
Intel® Pentium® M processor²
Mobile Intel® Pentium® 4
processor
Intel® Celeron® D processor
Intel® Celeron® M processor
Intel® Celeron® processor
Intel® Xeon® processor
Intel® Itanium® 2
processor
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