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Brain Computer Interface A brain-computer interface is a direct communication pathway between a human or animal brain ( or brain cell culture) and an external device. Sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain machine interface (BMI). Motivation for BCI Research In USA, more than 200,000 patients live with the motor sequelae (consequences) of serious injury. There are two ways to help them restore some motor function: Repair the damaged nerve axons. Build neuroprosthetic device. Detecting neural activity Invasive BCI Invasive BCI are directly implanted into the grey matter of the brain during neurosurgery. They produce the highest quality signals of BCI devices . Prone to building up of scar-tissue Targeted repairing damaged sight and providing new functionality to paralyzed people (neuroprosthetics). Detecting neural activity Non Invasive BCI Neuroimaging technologies as interfaces are used. Signals recorded in this way have been used to power muscle implants and restore partial movement in an experimental volunteer. Non-invasive implants produce poor signal resolution . EEG Using BCI Typing words by mind Help impaired hands to grasp by mind Play videogames by mind Neuron spike based BCI High speed real time control Precise control of movement Invasive High risk for clinical application Working of Simple BCI BCI Methods P300 detection How can you type words by mind? The P300 (P3) wave is an event related potential (ERP) which can be recorded via electroencephalography (EEG) as a positive deflection in voltage at a latency of roughly 300 ms in the EEG. EEG mu-Rhythm Conditioning VEP Detection Experiment Design Alphabet row/column was flashing randomly on the computer screen Human subject was gazing at the screen Human EEG was recorded simultaneously P300 components in EEG was extracted in real time for letter guess EEG amplifier Human subject Visual feedback Experiment Design Application 1. Artificial Sensory channel Artificial Hearing Artificial Vision 2. Artificial Motor Channel 3. Neural Disorder Control Parkinson’s disease Seizure prediction and control Artificial Sensory channel Artificial Motor Channel Neural Disorder Control Parkinson’s disease Seizure prediction and control Future : Silicon Cognition Advantages BCIs will help creating a Direct communication pathway between a human or animal brain and any external devices like computers. BCI has increased the possibility of treatment of disabilities related to nervous system along with the old technique of Neuroprosthetics. Techniques like EEG, MEG and neurochips have come into discussions since the BCI application have started developing. This has provided a new work area for scientists and researchers around the world. Disadvantages In case of Invasive BCI there is a risk of formation of scar tissue. There is a need of extensive training before user can use techniques like EEG BCI techniques still require much enhancement before they can be used by users as they are slow. Ethical implications of BCI will arise in future BCI techniques are costly. It requires a lot of money to set up the BCI environment. Conclusion Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a method of communication based on voluntary neural activity generated by the brain and independent of its normal output pathways of peripheral nerves and muscles. The neural activity used in BCI can be recorded using invasive or noninvasive techniques. We can say as detection techniques and experimental designs improve, the BCI will improve as well and would provide wealth alternatives for individuals to interact with their environment. THANK YOU!