Transcript Ovulation and Fertilization

The Reproduction System
By:
Ally Brudz
 Shannon Glenn
 Stephanie Hoang
 Taryn Pierce
 Kenya Spearman
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Day 1
Ovulation and Fertilization
Hormonal Changes
Miscarriages
Infertility
Effects of Age on Pregnancy
What is Ovulation?
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the phase of a female's menstrual cycle in which a mature
egg is released from the ovarian follicles into the oviduct.
Follicular Phase
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This phase starts the first day of the last menstrual period and
continues until ovulation. This first half of the cycle can differ
greatly for each woman lasting anywhere from 7 days until 40
days.
Luteal Phase
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The second half of the cycle is called the luteal phase and is from
the day of ovulation until the next period begins. The luteal phase
has a more precise timeline and usually is only 12-16 days from
the day of ovulation. This ultimately means that the day of
ovulation will determine how long your cycle is. This also means
that outside factors like stress, illness, and disruption of normal
routine can throw off your ovulation which then results in
changing the time your period will come. So the old thought that
stress can affect your period is only partly true. Stress can affect
your ovulation which ultimately determines when your period will
come, but stress around the time of an expected period will not
make it late.
What is Fertilization?
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the fusion of gametes to initiate the development of a new
individual organism
the process involves the fusion of an ovum with a sperm,
which eventually leads to the development of an embryo.
Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy
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Trophoblast secretes Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
hCG maintains corpus luteum to continue producing estrogen and
progesterone
Inhibits the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) &
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
hCG basis for pregnancy tests
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high levels for 2 months
Placental estrogen, placental progesterone, & placental lactogen
are all present in the second and third trimester
Placental estrogen & progesterone maintain the uterine wall
Placental lactogen stimulates breast development and prepares
mammary glands for milk secretion
Placental progesterone and relaxin inhibit smooth muscles in
myometrium
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suppresses uterine contractions until birth process begins
Other Changes…
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Other hormonal changes:
 Relaxin allows for greater movement in the symphysis pubis &
sacroiliac joints
 Increase of aldosterone from adrenal cortex to promotes renal
reabsorption of sodium
 Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone- maintain
high concentration of maternal blood calcium
Hormonal Changes After Pregnancy
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Hormones are chemicals that help to control how your body
works. Pregnancy causes big changes in your hormones. These
changes may have a role in postnatal depression.
 Your level of a hormone called estrogen rises to 50 times the
normal level by the last three months of pregnancy. This is the
main hormone made by your ovaries. Your oestrogen level
falls back to normal in the three days after your baby is born.
 Your level of the hormone progesterone rises to 10 times the
normal level when you're pregnant. Then it falls back to
normal in the week after your baby is born.
 Your level of the hormone cortisol rises to two times to three
times the normal level. Then it slowly decreases after birth.
 Your level of the hormone prolactin goes up to seven times its
normal level when you are pregnant. This hormone helps your
breasts make milk. The level drops back to normal in the three
months after birth.
Postpartum Depression
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A type of clinical depression which
can affect women, and less
frequently men, typically after
childbirth.
Also known as, postnatal
depression.
Postpartum depression occurs in
women after they have carried a
child. Symptoms include sadness,
fatigue, changes in sleeping and
eating patterns, reduced libido,
crying episodes, anxiety, and
irritability.
Postpartum depression usually
begins in the first few months
after childbirth. However it can
also affect women who have
suffered a miscarriage.
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Some women have a higher
chance of being depressed after
pregnancy than others.
Miscarriages
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A miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a fetus before the 20th
week of pregnancy. (Pregnancy losses after the 20th week are
called preterm deliveries).
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There is the shedding of the uterine lining, which leads to mild
cramping alongside vaginal bleeding. This is the most common
sign of miscarriage.
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Other Signs are:
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Vaginal bleeding that may be light or heavy, constant or irregular.
Pelvic cramps, belly pain, or a persistent, dull ache in your lower back.
(Pain may start a few hours to several days after bleeding has begun.)
Why Miscarriages Occur?
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The main reason is due to chromosomal
abnormalities.
Most chromosomal abnormalities are the cause of
a damaged egg or sperm cell, or are due to a
problem at the time that the zygote went through
the division process.
Female Infertility
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Symptoms
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The main symptom of infertility is
the inability of a couple to get
pregnant.
An abnormal menstrual cycle
that's too long (35 days or more)
or too short (less than 21 days)
can be a sign of female infertility.
Causes
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Damage to fallopian tubes.
Hormonal causes.
Cervical causes.
Uterine causes.
Unexplained infertility.
Risk Factors
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Age.
Smoking.
Weight.
Sexual history.
Alcohol.
Caffeine.
Diagnosis
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Ovulation Testing
Hysterosalpingography
Laparoscopy
Ovarian Reserve Testing
Hormone Testing
Treatment
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Surgery
Drugs
Male Infertility
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Symptoms
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The inability to conceive a child
Problems with sexual function — for
example, difficulty with ejaculation or
difficulty maintaining an erection
(erectile dysfunction)
Pain, swelling or a lump in the testicle
area
Decreased facial or body hair or other
signs of a chromosomal or hormonal
abnormality
Having a lower than normal sperm
count (fewer than 15 million sperm per
milliliter of semen or a total sperm
count of less than 39 million per
ejaculate)
Causes
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Medical problems such as infection,
tumors, hormonal imbalances, and
varicocele
Environmental causes such as radiation
and overheating the testicles
Health and lifestyle choices such as
smoking, stress, weight, alcohol use,
illegal drug use, and prolonged bicycling
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Risk Factors
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Smoking tobacco
Using alcohol
Using certain illegal drugs
Being overweight
Having certain past or present
infections
Being exposed to toxins
Overheating the testicles
Having a prior vasectomy or vasectomy
reversal
Being born with a fertility disorder or
having a blood relative with a fertility
disorder
Having certain medical conditions,
including tumors and chronic illnesses
Taking certain medications or
undergoing medical treatments, such
surgery or radiation used for treating
cancer
Performing certain prolonged activities
such as bicycling or horseback riding,
especially on a hard seat or poorly
adjusted bicycle
Male Infertility continued…
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Diagnosis
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General physical examination and
medical history
Semen analysis
Scrotal ultrasound
Transrectal ultrasound
Hormonal testing
Post-ejaculation urinalysis
Testicular biopsy
Genetic Testing
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Treatment
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Surgery
Drugs
Effects of Age on Pregnancy
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Gradual decrease in fertility after the age of 30
Why? What factors?
Menstrual cycles are irregular and shorter as they age
Lining of the womb- endometrium becomes thinner and less
hostile
Ovarian reserve- fewer viable eggs left
Older women have greater risks of developing medical disorders
 diabetes, hypertensive disorders
 affect pregnancy and birth
Rates of Caesareans rises with age
 Complicated delivery
Day 2
Stages of Pregnancy
Ectopic Pregnancy
Stages of Pregnancy
Day 1
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Days 4-5
-A mature human egg waits in the
fallopian tube.
-Just released from the ovary, it is the
largest cell in the human body.
-The egg will die if a sperm does not
penetrate the egg’s tough outer
membrane within the next 24 hours.
-When the sperm does penetrate,
cortical granules are released to
prevent any other sperm from
penetrating the egg.
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- A fertilized egg moves through the
fallopian tube, pushed toward the
uterus by filaments lining the inside of
the tube.
- Still dependent on nutrients and
genetic instructions contributed by the
egg, the embryo divides to form two
cells, then four cells, then eight.
- At the eight-cell stage the embryo
somehow activates its genes.
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Days 6-7
Days 2-3
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- A three-day-old human embryo
enters the uterus, containing 16
identical cells packed together to form
a sphere called a morula.
- During the next 48 hours, the morula
will become a blastocyst — a hollow
oval with about 100 cells divided into
two different types.
- Cells that will form the placenta
make up the outer layer of the
blastocyst.
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- Blastocysts attached to the
endometrium and secretes HCG
(Human Chronic Gonatotropin).
- HCG stimulates morning sickness
and detects pregnancy.
Stages of Pregnancy
Days 8-10
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The Blastula becomes Gastrula which
is a 3 layered structure
The 3 layers are ectoderm, mesoderm,
and endoderm.
Ectoderm- skin, nervous system.
Endoderm- lining of gut and internal
organs
Mesoderm- muscles, bones and heart
Days 11-14
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This is when the pregnancy become
established.
Amniotic cavity starts to form.
Yolk sac forms which will make blood
cells and germ cells.
The placenta also starts to form.
Days 15-21
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At this time tissue, muscle, and
bones begin to form.
Pharyngeal arches begin to form
which is the beginning structures
of the face, neck, mouth and
nose.
Day 22 and on..
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Development of all organ systems
begins
On day 22 the heart beat begins
Stages of Pregnancy
Week 4
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Week 6
This week marks the beginning of the
embryonic period
The baby is an embryo the size of a poppy
seed, consisting of two layers: the epiblast
and the hypoblast
The primitive placenta is also made up of two
layers at this point
Its cells are tunneling into the lining of the
mother’s uterus, creating spaces for the
mother’s blood to flow
Present now are the amniotic sac, the
amniotic fluid, and the yolk sac
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At this point, the baby is about the size of a
sesame seed
Now made up of three layers — the
ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm
The neural tube is starting to develop in the
top layer, called the ectoderm
The heart and circulatory system begin to
form in the middle layer, or mesoderm
The third layer, or endoderm, will house
many things. The primitive placenta and
umbilical cord, which deliver nourishment
and oxygen to the baby, are already on the
job.
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Week 5
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The nose, mouth, and ears will begin
developing
The baby has an oversize head and dark
spots where your its eyes and nostrils are
starting to form
The arms and legs are protruding buds, the
intestines are developing, and the pituitary
gland is forming
The heart is beating about 100 to 160 times
a minute
Right now, the baby is a quarter of an inch
long
Week 7
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Hands and feet are emerging from
developing arms and legs
Technically, the baby is still considered an
embryo and has something of a small tail,
which is an extension of her tailbone
The baby has doubled in size since last week
and now measures half an inch long
Stages of Pregnancy
Week 8
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Webbed fingers and toes are poking out from
the baby's hands and feet, the eyelids
practically cover its eyes, breathing tubes
extend from its throat to the branches of its
developing lungs
In his brain, nerve cells are branching out to
connect with one another, forming primitive
neural pathways
The baby is about the size of a kidney bean
Week 9
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The baby is nearly an inch long — about the
size of a grape — and weighs just a fraction
of an ounce
The baby's heart finishes dividing into four
chambers, and the valves start to form
The embryonic "tail" is completely gone
The external sex organs are there but won't
be distinguishable as male or female for
another few weeks
Its eyes are fully formed, but her eyelids are
fused shut and won't open until 27 weeks
The placenta is developed enough now to
take over most of the critical job of
producing hormones
Week 10
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The baby has now completed the most
critical portion of its development
This is the beginning of the so-called fetal
period, a time when the tissues and organs
in its body rapidly grow and mature
Vital organs are in place and starting to
function
The baby's limbs can bend now
Month 4
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The babys hair and teeth are starting to form
The digestive system and the intestines are
now present at this time.
stool appears in this intestines.
at the end of this month the babys gender
could be determined
Stages of Pregnancy
Month 5
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The baby has a thin mucus like layer
protecting her skin called vernix
caseosa.
The fingerprints are now developed.
The baby can now suck on its thumb.
Month 6
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Now the immune system is developed
and the baby is creating antibodies.
Alveoli are forming and the lungs are
developing.
Reflexes are starting to occur in the
hand.
lanugo which is fine hairs is now
covering the whole body of the fetus.
Month 7
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Bones are now fully developed
The baby is very active with
movement and is able to hiccup in the
womb making it feel like a jumping
movement.
Eyes are fully developed and the baby
is able to cry.
Month 8
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Not much growth is happening during
this month. the baby has grown
almost full to term and the space in
the womb is very limited. the baby is
now getting lots of rest to prepare for
life outside of the uterus.
A considerable amount of fat is now on
the trunk of the fetus.
Month 9
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The head of the baby with reposition
facing down in preparation for birth.
Ectopic Pregnancy
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What is it?
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A complication of pregnancy in which the embryo
implants outside the
uterine cavity
Dangerous for the mother, since internal haemorrhage is
a life-threatening complication
With rare exceptions, ectopic pregnancies are not viable
Most ectopic pregnancies occur in the Fallopian tube (socalled tubal pregnancies)
Can also occur in the cervix, ovaries, and abdomen
Can lead to death for the mother
Video
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http://health.discovery.com/pregnancyand-parenting/videos/pregnancy-babyoutside-womb.htm
Causes and Symptoms
CAUSES
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Anything that blocks or slows the
movement of this egg through
these tubes can lead to ectopic
pregnancy:
Birth defect in the fallopian tubes
Scarring after a ruptured
appendix
Endometriosis
Scarring from past infections or
surgery of the female organs
Things that can increase your
risk:
Age over 35
Getting pregnant while having an
intrauterine device (IUD)
Some infertility treatments
Having your tubes tied (tubal
ligation)
SYMPTOMS
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May have early pregnancy
symptoms, such as breast
tenderness or nausea
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Low back pain
Mild cramping on one side of the
pelvis
No periods
Pain in the lower belly or pelvic
area
If area around abnormal
pregnancy ruptures and bleeds,
symptoms worsen. Symptoms
include:
Fainting or feel faint
Low blood pressure
Severe, sharp, and sudden pain
in the lower abdomen
Tests and Treatment
TESTS
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Pelvic exam
Pregnancy test
Vaginal ultrasound
Checking of the blood level of
hormone HCG
TREATMENT
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The developing cells must be
removed to save the mother.
If the area breaks open: leads
to bleeding and shock
Shock treatments
Blood transfusion
Fluids given through a vein
Oxygen
Surgery is done whether or
not area is ruptured
Must remove pregnancy and
stop blood loss
Expectations for mother:
greater chance of having
another ectopic pregnancy
than a regular pregnancy.
The End