Transcript 31.1 Animals are multicellular heterotrophs without cell walls. Some

Some General Features of
Animals
• Animals are
___________________________
that are ____________ in form
and habitat, are
_______________, and have
___________________________
• Kingdom Animalia is
traditionally divided into the
Parazoa
___________________________
Eumetazoa
___________________________
• The eumetazoan branch is
divided into Radiata and
Bilateria __________________________.
• Bilateral animals have _____________
( a head region)
Bilateral animals further split into groups
with and without a body cavity
(_____________). (p. 660)
This is a distinction long used for classification
Types of Body Cavities
page 660
• _______________ -no body cavity
– flatworms
• ______________-pseudocoel located
between mesoderm and endoderm
– roundworms, rotifers
• _______________- body cavity
completely contained within mesoderm
– many members inc Homo sapiens
Protostome/ Deuterostome
• ___________________– Blastopore (invagination of blastula) becomes
mouth
• ____________________
– Blastopore becomes anus
• Puzzles related to Animal Evolution
• Origin of sponges?
– The multinucleate hypothesis, polyphyletic
origin hypothesis, and the
___________________________ all try to
account for the origin of metazoans from
single-celled protists.
– See picture on page 656
• Puzzles related to Animal Evolution
• A large diversity of animal body plans
occurred around the __________________,
with no major innovations since.
Cause?...
– the emergence of
______________________________________
______________________________________
– debut of ___________________within
developing animal embryos.
Arthropods are the most diverse of all animal
groups.
• ________________________________________
• Arthopod body
plan_____________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
___
…arthropods
• The exoskeleton is secreted by, and fused
with, the epidermis, and provides a hard
surface for muscle attachment.
•
___________________________________
___________________________________;
some have adaptations such as compound
eyes, a respiratory system composed of
tracheae, and an excretory system
composed of Malpighian tubules.
A Major Group of Arthropods:
Crustaceans
• Most crustaceans have two pairs of
antennae, three types of chewing
appendages, and various pairs of legs.
• Crustaceans are found in marine,
freshwater, and terrestrial habitats.
Major Classes of Arthropods:
Arachnids
• Arachnids have a pair of chelicerae
(mouthparts), a pair of pedipalps
(copulatory or pincer function), and four
pairs of walking legs.
Major Classes of Arthropods:
Centipedes and Millipedes
• Centipedes and millipedes are made of a
head region followed by numerous similar
segments.
– Centipedes have one pair of legs per segment,
and millipedes have two pairs per segment.
Major Classes of Arthropods:
Insects
• Class Insecta is the largest group of organisms
on the planet, living in nearly every possible
habitat.
• Most are relatively small, and contain three
body sections: head, thorax, and abdomen,
with three pairs of legs attached to the thorax,
and one pair of antennae.
• Most insects have compound eyes.
…insects
• Many insects undergo either simple or
complex metamorphosis.
• What are the stages of complete
metamorphosis?
Complete Metamorphosis in
Insecta
Complete Metamorphosis
• _____________________
• _____________________
• _____________________
• ______________________
• The Chordates
• Four features characterize the chordates:
(1) single, __________________;
• (2) a flexible
____________________present at some
developmental stage;
• (3) _____________________connecting the
pharynx and the esophagus (gill slits in human
embryos-1 pair remain as eustacian tubes);
• (4)_________________________________
at least during embryonic development. (p.
684)
• 34.2 Nonvertebrate chordates have a
notochord but no backbone.
The Nonvertebrate Chordates
• Tunicates possess a _______________
and a _________________as larvae, but
look at them as adults! (p. 700)
• ___________________ are fishlike
marine chordates with a
____________________running the entire
length of the ___________________(p.
699)
• The evolution of vertebrates involved
invasions of sea, land, and air.
Characteristics of Vertebrates
• Vertebrates -vertebral column instead of a
notochord, and a distinct head. (p
• The history of the vertebrates -they
invaded the sea and then the land. (p. 703)
• Distinction
– ______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Vertebrates are distinguished
from other chordates
• _________________________
• __________________________
• ___________________________________
__________________________________
• Fishes
• Fish were the first vertebrates and are the
most diverse and successful vertebrate
group. (p. 690)
• Key characteristics of fish include a
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
(they need to eat a nitrogen source). (p 707
and circulation
PPT)
• __________________ eventually became
dominant sea predators, partially due to a
skeleton composed of
__________________. Sharks were also
among the first vertebrates to develop
_____________________.
• What do you know about shark’s teeth?
• We will closely examine a shark after AP
testing
• ______________________-- ossification
provides a strong base for muscle
attachment and evolved in fresh water. (p.
696)
– __________________for buoyancy
– a _________________________(also found in
sharks, to be seen in lab)
– ____________________________to permit
water to be pumped over the gills. (pp. 696697)
Amphibians
• ________________
• ___________________
• _____________________
• ________________________(711-12 and
circulation PPT)
• evolved from lobe-finned fishes.
• Include frogs and toads, salamanders, and
caecilians (w/o limbs).
Reptiles
• Key characteristics of reptiles include the
___________________________________
____________________________(expand
ribcage).
• Turtles, lizards and snakes, tuataras, and
crocodiles. (pp. 714-718)
• What are the components of the amniotic
egg?
Watertight Amniotic Egg
• ________________ Membrane that surrounds
embryo and maintains watery environment
(portable sea)
• ________________-Gas exchange
• In bird egg, this membrane is found attached to inner shell.
• In mammals, becomes embryo’s part of the placenta
• _________________-Helps dispose of
nitrogenous waste (garbage bag) (forms part of
umbilical cord in mammals)
• ______________-Contains fat rich nutrients
(develops into allantois in mammals)
Birds
• Modern birds retain many reptilian
characteristics, but lack teeth and have
vestigial tails. They are distinguished from
living reptiles by
___________________________________
________________________(p. 718-720)
They have a __________________through
the lungs.
• Descended from dinosaurs
• Mammals
• _______________________________
• ___________________________________
• ___________________________________
• The Orders of Mammals
• Mammals were not common until
dinosaurs disappeared. Modern mammals
fall into one of three categories:
_______________________, egg-laying
mammals; _________________, pouched
mammals; and
_________________________(721-27)
Evolution among the primates has focused
on brain size and locomotion.
Primates
• ________________________and toes and
_____________________are two features
that allowed primates to flourish.
• Modern _________________ include
lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers, while
____________________ include monkeys,
apes, and humans.
- (Zaboomafoo from PBS)
List major vertebrate developments
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