Transcript Circulatory Systems

Circulatory System
 Cardiovascular System = Heart,
blood vessels, and blood
-Transports H2O, nutrients, waste, O2,
CO2, hormones, and immune cells.
-Regulates heat, pH, and pressure.
-Associated with lymphatic system.
 Lymphatic System = Lymphatic
vessels, lymphatic hearts, & lymph
Human Cardiovascular
Vascular Terms
 Anastamosis = intercommunication
between separate vessels (net like).
 Portal System = vessels that carry
blood from capillaries to capillaries.
 Sinus = region for “pooling” of fluids.
 Aortic arch = arterial arches that
extend from ventral to dorsal between
pharyngeal openings.
Gnathostomes have 6 early in devel.
Vascular
 Arteries = Large; carry blood away
from heart
 Arterioles = Smaller; carry blood away
from heart
 Capillaries = Very small; gas & nutrient
exchange occur here
 Veinules = Smaller; carry blood to
heart
 Veins = Large; carry blood to heart
Vertebrate Blood
 Blood = connective tissue; cells (in
vertebrates) in a water-based matrix.
 Plasma = matrix around blood cells.
Transports: H2O, nutrients, waste,
CO2, hormones
 Erythrocytes = Contain hemoglobin;
transport O2; No nuclei in mammals.
 Leucocytes = Immune cells.
 Platelets = Cell fragments, involved in
clotting after damage.
Vertebrate Blood
Plasma
Hematopoesis – Blood Devel.
 Hematopoesis = blood development.
 Blood islands form in splanchnic
mesoderm in yolk sac = 1st site of
hematopoesis (always nucleate cells).
Early fetal human red blood cells have
nuclei.
 Additional stem cells in splanchnic
mesoderm around heart migrate to
hematopoetic areas (spleen, kidneys, liver, &
Vascular Development
 Mostly from splanchnic mesoderm.
 Angiogenesis = blood vessel
formation
 Blood islands in yolk sac merge to form
vessels that then extend into rest of
embryo.
Cardiovascular system starts in yolk
sac and spreads to rest of embryo.
Human Blood Islands
Basic Chordate Arterial Circ.
 Blood moves from posterior and
ventral to the pharynx (heart/sinus
venosus)
 Anteriorly under the pharynx (ventral
aorta)
 Dorsolaterally up through the
pharynx (pharyngeal/aortic arches)
 Then to the body anteriorly and
posteriorly from the dorsal pharynx
(dorsal aorta).
Lancelet Arterial Circulation
dorsal aorta (paired - median)
sinus venosus (median)
ventral aorta (median)
Lancelet Venous Circulation
Anterior & posterior cardinal veins (paired)
sinus venosus (median)
hepatic vein (median)
Lancelet Circulation
ventral
aorta
dorsal
aorta
s.v.
dorsal
aorta
common
cardinal
vein
anterior
cardinal
vein
s.v.
hepatic
vein
posterior
cardinal
vein
Basic Amniote Circulation
Early Human Embryo Arterial
left & right
dorsal aortas
aortic
arch II
aortic
arch I
ventral aorta
III
IV
umbilical
artery
heart
(truncus arteriosus) sinus venosus
atrium
ventricle
bulbis cordis
vitelline
artery
Early Human Embryo Arterial
left & right
dorsal aortas
IV VI
III
ventral aorta
umbilical
artery
heart
(truncus arteriosus)
vitelline
artery
Early Human Embryo Arterial
descending aorta
carotids
ventral aorta
IV VI pulmonary
III
umbilical
artery
heart
(truncus arteriosus)
vitelline
artery
Early Human Embryo Arterial
Embryonic Arteries
ventral aorta
dorsal aorta
I
II
III
IV
VI
HEART
I II III IV V VI
V
Human Embryonic Arteries
external carotid
internal carotid
common carotid
I
II
III
IV
subclavian
aortic arch
VI
pulmonary artery
HEART
ductus arteriosus
(before birth)
descending aorta
Human Embryonic Arteries
Human Aortic Arches
Human Fetal Circulation
Upper Left
Arch VI
Early Human Embryo Circulation
left & right anterior
cardinal veins
left & right posterior
cardinal veins
left & right
common
cardinal
veins
ventral aorta
heart
(truncus arteriosus) sinus venosus
atrium
ventricle
bulbis cordis
vitelline
(hepatic)
veins
allantoic
(umbilical) veins
Early Human Embryo Circulation
superior
left & right anterior
vena
cardinal veins
cava
left & right posterior
cardinal veins
azygous vein
jugular
veins
inferior
vena
cava
hepatic
portal
hepatic vein
vitelline
vein
(hepatic)
veins
heart
allantoic
(umbilical) veins
Human Anterior Venous
Development
Basic Vertebrate Circulation
Blood Vessel Structure
 Endothelium = simple squamous
epithelium lining inside of blood
vessels (tunica intima)
 Tunica externa = fibrous connective
tissue surrounding the outside of the
vessel
 Tunica media = between the tunica
intima and tunica externa; elastic
connective tissue and/or smooth
muscle.
Vessel Structure
 Arteries = Large; carry blood away
from heart;
thick tunica media composed
primarily of smooth muscle;
accommodate high blood pressure
 Capillaries = Very small; gas &
nutrient exchange occur here;
lack tunica media and tunica externa
Vessel Structure
 Veins = Vessels that carry blood to
the heart; thin tunica media made
primarily of connective tissue
one-way valves promote the return
of blood under low pressure
Vertebrate Vessels
vein
tunica intima
(endothelium)
capillary
artery
Adult Human Arterial system
Adult Human Arterial system
external carotid
internal carotid
common carotid
vertebral
aorta*
coeliac*
superior mesenteric*
renal
gonadal
inferior mesenteric*
subclavian
axillary
humeral circumflex
internal thoracic
lateral thoracic
brachial
deep brachial
radial
ulnar
common iliac
external iliac
internal iliac
femoral circumflex
deep femoral
femoral
popliteal
anterior tibial
posterior tibial
Pulse Points
Carotid & Radial Pulse Points
Human Venous System
Azygous vein
Human Venous System
Human Arm Venous System
Human Leg Venous System
Human Varicose veins
Hematopoesis
 In non-amniotes occurs primarily in
the spleen, kidneys, and liver.
Especially the spleen.
 Hagfishes, lampreys, & lungfishes =
no spleen
 In amniotes occurs in bone marrow
(especially in humans and other
mammals) as well as in other tissues.
No bone marrow in birds.
spleen
lost
Subphylum Vertebrata
*
hematopoesis in
marrow
discrete spleen
blood cells
*erythrocytes lack nuclei
Lancelet Circulation
Vertebrate Circulation
dorsal
aorta
ventral
aorta
subclavian
external
heart artery
carotid
Iliac
artery
Vertebrate Circulation
anterior & posterior
cardinal veins
jugulars
heart
renal portal
hepatic
portal
lateral
subclavian abdominal iliac
vein
vein
vein
Aortic Arches
 Gnathostomes = Arch I lost in adults; 6
arches early in development
 Sarcopterygiians = Pulmonary arteries
from arch VI
 Tetrapods & Actinopts. = Arch II lost
 Amniotes = Arch V lost
 Mammals = left Arch IV forms aorta;
right Arch IV forms base of subclavian
 Birds = right Arch IV forms aorta
Gnathostome Embryo Aortic Arches
external
carotid
internal
carotid
I
II
III
IV
V
ventral
aorta
VI
I II III IV V VI
heart
dorsal
aorta
dorsal
aorta
Chondrichthyan Aortic Arches
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
I II III IV V VI
heart
Teleost Aortic Arches
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
I II III IV V VI
heart
Lungfish Aortic Arches
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
I II III IV V VI
heart
pulmonary
artery
Amphibian Aortic Arches
external
carotid
internal
carotid
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
I II III
IV V VI
heart
pulmonary
artery
Lizard Aortic Arches
external
carotid
internal
carotid
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
I II III
IV V VI
heart
pulmonary
artery
Bird Aortic Arches
external
carotid
internal
carotid
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
I II III
IV V VI
heart
pulmonary
artery
Lepidosaur Aortic Arches
external
carotid
internal
carotid
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
I II III
IV V VI
heart
pulmonary
artery
Mammalian Aortic Arches
external
carotid
internal
carotid
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
I II III
IV V VI
heart
pulmonary
artery
arch II lost
Subphylum Vertebrata
arch V
lost
arch II
lost
arch VI
forms pulmonary
connection
arch I
lost;
6 arches form in development
Amniota
left arch IV
forms aorta; right
arch IV forms
right subclavian
right arch
IV forms
aorta
Gnathostome Adult Aortic Arches
Aortic Arch
Chondrichthys
Actinopterygii
lungfishes
I
II
lost
gill arch
lost
lost
lost
gill arch
III
gill arch
gill arch
gill arch
IV
gill arch
gill arch
gill arch
V
gill arch
gill arch
gill arch
VI
gill arch
gill arch
arch
& pulmonary
artery
Gnathostome Adult Aortic Arches
Aortic Arch
amphibians
turtles
lizards
I
II
lost
lost
lost
lost
lost
lost
III
common
carotids
l. and r. aortic
arches
aortic arch
common
carotids
l. and r. aortic
arches
lost
common
carotids
l. and r. aortic
arches
lost
pulmonary
artery
pulmonary
artery
IV
V
(lost in frogs)
VI
aortic arch &
pulmonary
artery
Gnathostome Adult Aortic Arches
Aortic Arch
crocodilians
birds
Mammalia
I
II
lost
lost
lost
lost
lost
lost
III
common
carotids
com. carotids /
subclavian
bases
common
carotids & ext.
carotid base
IV
l. and r. aortic
arches
V
lost
l. lost
r. aorta
lost
l. aorta
r. subclavian
lost
VI
pulmonary
artery
pulmonary
artery
pulmonary
artery
Venous System
 Gnathostomes = renal portal vein
 Tetrapods = inferior vena cava from
right hepatic; anterior cardinal veins
form internal & external jugular veins
 Mammals = inferior vena cava
connects to & replaces renal portal
 Some Mammals (humans, cats, etc.) =
lose the left anterior cardinal vein (the
right anterior cardinal vein = superior vena
cava)
Venous System
sinus
venosus
hepatic
vein
hepatic
portal
anterior
cardinal
common
cardinal
posterior
cardinal
Shark Venous System
internal
jugular
subclavian
hepatic
vein
hepatic
portal
anterior
cardinal
common
cardinal
posterior
cardinal
renal
portal
Amphibian Venous System
external
jugular
subclavian
hepatic
vein
hepatic
portal
internal
jugular
anterior
cardinal
common
cardinal
posterior
cardinal
posterior
vena cava
renal
portal
iliac
Reptile Venous System
external
jugular
subclavian
internal
jugular
anterior
cardinal
hepatic
vein
hepatic
portal
posterior
vena cava
renal
portal
iliac
Mammal Venous System
external
jugular
subclavian
internal
jugular
anterior
cardinal
hepatic
vein
hepatic
portal
posterior
vena cava
renal
vein
iliac
Gnathostome Venous System
Veins
Chondrichthys
Actinopterygii
lungfishes
ant. card.
com. card.
ant. cardinal
com. cardinal
ant. cardinal
com. cardinal
ant. cardinal
com. cardinal
post. card.
post. cardinal
post. cardinal
hep. portal
hepatic portal
hepatic portal
hepatic portal
renal port.
renal portal
renal portal
renal portal
hepatic
post. cardinal
(rt. = posterior
“vena cava”)
2 hepatic veins 2 hepatic veins 2 hepatic veins
Gnathostome Venous System
Veins
ant. card.
amphibians
turtles
Lepidosauria
ant. cardinal
ant. cardinal
ant. cardinal
(jugular vein & (jugular vein & (jugular vein &
brachiocephalics) brachiocephalics) brachiocephalics)
com. card.
com. cardinal
(s. vena cavas)
com. cardinal com. cardinal
(s. vena cavas)
(s. vena cavas)
post. card. post. cardinal
l. lost
l. lost
r. azygous vein r. azygous vein
hepatic
l. hepatic vein l. hepatic vein l. hepatic vein
r. p. vena cava r. p. vena cava r. p. vena cava
hep. portal hepatic portal hepatic portal hepatic portal
renal port.
renal portal
renal portal
renal portal
Gnathostome Venous System
Veins
crocodilians
birds
Mammalia
ant. card.
ant. cardinal
ant. cardinal
ant. cardinal
(jugular vein & (jugular vein & (jugular vein &
brachiocephalics) brachiocephalics) brachiocephalics)
com. card. com. cardinal com. cardinal com. cardinal
(s. vena cavas
(s. vena cavas)
(s. vena cavas)
-left s. v. c. lost in some)
post. card.
l. lost
l. lost
l. lost
r. azygous vein r. azygous vein r. azygous vein
hepatic
l. hepatic vein l. hepatic vein l. hepatic vein
r. i. vena cava r. i. vena cava r. i. vena cava
hep. portal hepatic portal hepatic portal hepatic portal
renal port.
renal portal
renal portal
lost
Hepatic Portal Vein
 Vein from yolk sac to heart (vitelline vein)
impinged on by hepatic diverticulum and
forms hepatic capillaries.
gut
liver (with hepatic veins)
heart
hepatic portal vein
vitelline vein
(from yolk sac)
Subphylum Vertebrata
*
jugular veins;
rt. hepatic =
posterior
vena cava
renal portal; subclavians
*renal portal lost
Heart
 Heart = Muscular pump, moves blood
via rhythmic contraction.
 Contraction involuntary & initiated within
the heart. (not-neuronal)
Modified branching (cardiac) muscle
cells transmit contraction signal.
 Chamber = Cavity for blood collection
separated by valves
 Valves = Flaps of tissue that prevent
back-flow of fluid (in this case blood)
Human Heart Development
 Formed from splanchnic mesoderm.
 Endocardial tissue = forms simple
squamous epithelium that lines the heart
chambers and forms the heart valves
 Myocardial = epithelium forms heart muscle
 Hollow endocardial primordia form by
splanchnic mesoderm ingression, then fuse to
form a the endocardium (endothelium).
 Epithelial splanchnic mesoderm surrounds
the endocardium forming the cardiac muscle
of the myocardium.
Human Heart Development
endocardium
myocardium
Human Heart Development
(ventral aorta)
Sinus Venosus
Heart Chambers & Valves
 Sinus venosus = slightly muscular chamber;
receives blood from cardinal veins = sinoatrial node
(“pacemaker”) in amniotes.
 Sinoatrial valve = between s.v. & atrium.
 Atrium = slightly muscular chamber.
 Atrioventricular valve = between atrium &
ventricle.
 Ventricle = highly muscular chamber.
 Conus arteriosus/ Bulbus arteriosus =
chamber after ventricle (muscular with valves
= conus; elastic, no valves = bulbus ;
embryonic = bulbis cordis)
Human Heart Development
Human Heart Development
 Sinus Venosus lost except some cells
that become the sinoatrial node
(“pacemaker”)
 Sinoatrial valve lost.
 Atrium divides into right and left.
 Atrioventricular valve divides to form
(right) tricuspid and (left) bicuspid/mitral
valves
 Ventricle divides into right and left.
Human Heart Development
 Bulbis cordis lost.
 Ventral aorta (truncus arteriosus)
divides to become
- (left) ascending aorta that will
maintain connection to aortic arches III
& IV and
- (right) pulmonary trunk artery that
will maintain connection to aortic arch
VI.
Human Heart Blood Flow
Human Heart Blood Flow
Heart Chambers & Valves
Heart Position/Stethoscope
Blood Flow From Heart
high oxygen
low oxygen
Heart Chambers & Valves
Teleost
Heart Chambers
 Sarcopterygiians = at least partially
developed interatrial septum
 Tetrapods = complete interatrial
septum
 Amniotes = conus arteriosus lost
during devel; sinus venosus incorp.
into right atrium; at least partially
developed interventricular septum
 Mammals & Archosaurs = complete
interventricular septum
Heart Chambers & Valves
Heart Chambers & Valves
bulbus
arteriosus
Subphylum Vertebrata
complete
interatrial
septum
partial interatrial
septum
heart (sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle,
conus arteriosus)
Amniota
complete
complete
interventricular
interventricular
septum
septum
conus arteriosus lost in adult;
incomplete interventricular septum;
sinus venosus lost (in rt. atrium)
Gnathostome Heart
Chambers
Chondrichthys
Actinopterygii
lungfishes
Sinus
Venosus
Atrium
sinus venosus
sinus venosus
sinus venosus
atrium
atrium
atrium (partially
l.-r. divided)
Ventricle
ventricle
venticle
ventricle
Conus
Arteriosus
conus
arteriosus
bulbus
arteriosus (not
conus
arteriosus
muscular)
Gnathostome Heart
Chambers
amphibians
Sinus
Venosus
Atrium
sinus venosus
Ventricle
ventricle
Conus
Arteriosus
lizards
turtles
sinoatrial node sinoatrial node
(incorp. in rt. atrium) (incorp. in rt. atrium)
left atrium
right atrium
conus
arteriosus
left atrium
right atrium
left atrium
right atrium
ventricle (partial. ventricle (partial.
left-right divided)
left-right divided)
lost
lost
Gnathostome Heart
Chambers
Sinus
Venosus
Atrium
Ventricle
crocodilians
birds
Mammalia
sinoatrial node sinoatrial node sinoatrial node
(incorp. in rt. atrium) (incorp. in rt. atrium) (incorp. in rt. atrium)
left atrium
right atrium
left atrium
right atrium
left atrium
right atrium
left ventricle
right ventricle
left ventricle
right ventricle
left ventricle
right ventricle
lost
lost
(connected by
foramen of Panizza)
Conus
Arteriosus
lost
Lymphatic System
 Plasma in capillaries is forced into the
tissues by blood pressure.
 Edema = swelling of tissues due to
accumulation of fluid (plasma/lymph).
 Usually, edema is avoided because…
plasma in tissues diffuses into blind
lymphatic capillaries and is called
lymph.
Lymphatic System
artery
capillaries
vein
Lymphatic System
 Lymphangitis = inflamation of a lymph
vessel. (ROOT WORDS)
Lymphangitis of the vessel indicated by
the arrow caused the edema in the
middle finger.
Lymphatic System
 Lymph vessels = thin walled vessels
with valves (similar in structure to veins,
but with weak contractile ability); return
lymph to venous system.
 Lymph nodes (lymphatic cisterns) =
expanded lymph vessels filled with
connective tissue and leukocytes.
Immunological filters.
 Lacteals = lymph vessels in villi of the
jejuno-ileum (small intestine) absorb fats.
Lymph Vessel
Lymph Node & Lg. Vessel
(in mesentary proper)
Human Cephalic Lymph System
Human Lymphatic System
Lymphatic System
 Contractile lymph vessels exist in most
vertebrates (Form localized Lymph Hearts in
hagfishes, lungfishes, amphibians, turtles, liz.
& snakes, & ostriches+related birds)
 Lacteals = lymph vessels in the intestinal
villi – Only in TETRAPODS.
 Lymph nodes / sacs / cisterns =
expanded lymph vessels filled with
connective tissue and leukocytes. Only in
AMNIOTES.
Human Lymphatic System
Subphylum Vertebrata
lymph
nodes &
cisterns
lacteals
General Respiratory Systems
 Ventilation = movement of air or water
across a respiratory surface.
 Apnea = cessation of ventilation
 Unidirectional ventilation = air/water
moves 1 direction over resp. surface
 Bidirectional ventilation = air/water
moves 2 directions over resp. surface.
(tidal)
 Concurrent & Counter current
exchange
Concurrent
Same Direction Current
water or air
blood
from body (heart)
to body
Counter Current
Counter Current System
water or air
blood
to body
from body (heart)
Human Trachea & Lung
Development
Human Respiratory System
in
lung
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchus
bronchiole
alveolus
Human Respiratory System
Human Larynx
Human Lungs
Human Ventilation
Aquatic Respiratory Structures
 Skin is a significant respiratory surface
in many NON-amniotes.
 Gills = aquatic pharyngeal respiratory
surfaces. (Internal = within pharynx;
External = protrude from pharynx)
salamander (axolotl)
reedfish
lungfish
Internal Gills
Chondrichthys
Actinopterygii
Gills
 Gill = bony pharyngeal arch and two sets
of filaments.
 Absent in Amniotes and adult
Lissamphibians
 Each filament bears many lamellae
(small, flat projections) & blood passes
through capillaries in the lamellae.
 Blood movement through lamellae sets
up a counter current system.
Gills
Counter Current
Gill Filament
afferent
lamella
efferent
Lungs/Swimbladders
 Lung(s) = aerial gut diverticulum
respiratory surface. (Osteichthys)
In fishes called swimbladder & usually
used for buoyancy as well.
 Pneumatic duct = Connection to
digestive tract in Actinopterygii & Dipnoi.
Trachea (in Tetrapods) is a pneumatic
duct held open with cartilage rings.
Lungs/Swimbladders
 Respiratory lungs/swimbladders are
often compartmentalized.
 Faveoli = non-mammal lung chambers.
 Alveoli = rounded mammal lung
chambers.
Lungs/Swimbladders (Osteichthys)
 Ancestral lungs/swimbladders:
Ventral trachea/pneumatic duct.
Two “lungs”
 Swimbladder of non-reedfish
actinopterygiians:
Dorsal pneumatic duct.
One lung dorsal to esophagus.
(Pneumatic duct lost in some teleosts.)
Lungs/Swimbladders
Amia calva
lungfish
Polypterus
carp
salamander
bass
Craniate Respiration
alveoli
gill
filaments
lost
lungs
trachea
(swimbladder)
(with
cartilage
“rings”)
respiratory gills with filaments
Class Actinopterygii
single dorsal lung with
dorsal connection to
digestive tract
Aerial Respiratory Modifications
 Ancestrally - amphibians & “fishes”
- “Swallow” air – push into lungs
- Elastic lungs recoil to push air out.
 Prehepatic diaphragm (mammals)
- Negative pressure pulls air into lungs
- Body cavity contraction pushes air out.
 Posthepatic diaphragm (crocodilians)
- Negative pressure pulls air into lungs
- Liver pushes air out of lungs.
“swallow” air
Ventilation
prehepatic
posthepatic
Bird Respiration
 Parabronchi (birds) = one-way,
passageways through the lung faveoli.
 Lungs not very compressible.
 Air Sacs (birds) = membranous sacs
for containing air (9 off of each lung)
 Air moved by expansion & contraction
of air sacs.
 Countercurrent, constant flow of O2 rich
air over capillaries even when exhaling.
Avian Lungs
Avian Inhalation
Avian Exhalation
Avian Respiration
Amniota
*
prehepatic
diaphragm
air sacs;
parabronchi
* posthepatic diaphragm