Transcript Honest Work A Business Ethics Reader

Honest Work
A Business Ethics Reader
Joanne B. Ciulla Clancy Martin
Robert C. Solomon
Why We Work
The Meaning of Work
• “From Curse to Calling: A Short History of
the Meaning of Work” Joanne B. Ciulla
– The Ancients
– Early Christians
– Medieval Occupational Ethics
– The Renaissance: Work as Creativity
– The Reformation: Work as a Moral Quality
– Work as Identity
Why We Work
The Meaning of Work
• “Hopping On and Off Career Track”
Michelle Quinn
– Sequencing
– Taking Time Off to Raise Children
– Returning to Work
Promises and Betrayals on the Job
Ethics in the Workplace
• “Respecting the Humanity in a Person”
Norman E. Bowie
– Application of Kant’s Respect for Persons
Principle to Business
– Kant’s Justification of the Respect for Persons
Principle
– What Does Kant Mean by this Principle?
Promises and Betrayals on the Job
Ethics in the Workplace
• “Exploring the Managed Heart” Arlie
Hochshild
– Producing Service: The Emotional Style of
Offering the Service Is Part of the Service
Itself
– Emotional Labor
Promises and Betrayals on the Job
Ethics in the Workplace
• “The Employer-Employee Relationship
and the Right to Know” Anita M. Superson
– Employee Awareness of Dangers in
Workplace
– Employee Right to Know Not Accorded Full
Protection by Law
– Nature of Employer-Employee Relationship
– Principle of Autonomy: Establishing the Right
– Implications of the Employee Right to Know
Promises and Betrayals on the Job
Ethics in the Workplace
• “The Ethics of Corporate Downsizing”
John Orlando
– The Moral Equality of Workers and
Shareholders
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Property Rights
Fiduciary Duties
Risk
Contracts
The Utilitarian Argument
Promises and Betrayals on the Job
Ethics in the Workplace
• “The Ethics of Corporate Downsizing”
John Orlando
– Arguments Against Downsizing
• Harming Some to Benefit Others
• Legitimate Expectations
• Fairness
– Applying the Results
Promises and Betrayals on the Job
Ethics in the Workplace
• “Antigay Jokes” Annette Friskopp and
Sharon Silverstein
– Strategies for Opposing Antigay Jokes
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Enlisting Management Support
Fighting Humor with Humor
The “Ouch” Technique
“I Don’t Get It”
Coming Out
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Is Business Bluffing Ethical?” Albert Z.
Carr
– Pressure to Deceive
– The Poker Analogy
– “We Don’t Make the Laws”
– Cast Illusions Aside
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Replies to Carr” Timothy B. Blodgett
– “No Medals for Honesty”
– A Matter of “Mutual Trust”
– Playing Games?
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Does It Pay to Bluff in Business?”
Norman E. Bowie
– Carr’s Poker Analogy and…
• Labor Relations
• Undermining Trust
• Undermining the Spirit of Cooperation
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Is It Ever Right to Lie?” Robert C. Solomon
– Distinguishing Kinds of Lying
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Telling Less Than the Whole Truth
Telling a Biased Truth
Idealizing One’s Products or Services
Giving Intentionally Misleading Statements
Stating Obvious Falsehoods
Stating Vicious Falsehoods
– Comments on Carr’s Poker Analogy
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Defining Secrecy – Some Crucial Distinctions”
Sissela Bok
– Differences Between Lying and Secrecy
– Depth of Secrecy (Sacredness, Intimacy, Privacy,
etc.)
– Distinction Between Secrecy and Privacy
– Where Secrecy and Privacy Overlap
– Conflicts over Secrecy
– Two Presumptions
• Equality
• Partial Individual Control
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Secrecy and Disclosure” Richard T.
George
De
– Banks’ Obligation to Maintain Confidentiality
– Ethically Dubious Uses of Secret Accounts
– Banks’ Obligation to Disclose Certain
Information
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Giving Feedback: The Consultant’s Craft” Sue
De Wine
– Feedback
• Information on a Person’s Behavior
• Information on What Impact That Behavior Can Have on
Others
– Types of Feedback
• Evaluative
• Interpretive
• Descriptive
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Giving Feedback: The Consultant’s Craft”
Sue De Wine
– Effective Feedback
• Useful Content
• Timeliness
• Clarity and Accuracy
– Tips on Providing Feedback
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Do Management Gurus Lie?” Evan M.
Dudick
– Consulting Firms and Management
– Strategic Management Consulting
– Who Watches the Watch-Dogs?
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Self-Deception” The Economist
– How Did Enron Depend upon Deceit?
– Why Lies Require More Lies
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Lies That Fail” Paul Ekman and Mark G.
Frank
– Lies Betrayed by Thinking Clues
– Lying About Feelings
– Feelings About Lying
• Fear of Being Caught
• Deception Guilt
“The Check Is in the Mail”
Honesty and Trust in Business
• “Building Trust” Robert C. Solomon and
Fernando Flores
– The Misunderstanding of Trust
– Trust as an Emotional Skill
• Simple Trust
• Blind Trust
• Authentic Trust
The Good Life
• “Strategic Planning – For the Good Life”
Robert C. Solomon
– Planning a Life – Luck or Fate?
– Value Questions
– Question Yourself
The Good Life
• “On The Good Life” Aristotle
– What Is the Highest of All Goods Achievable
by Action?
• Life of Pleasure or Wealth
• Political Life
• Contemplative Life
– The Function of Man
The Good Life
• “On Pleasure” Epicurus
– Pleasure vs. Pain
• Pleasure Is Freedom from Pain in the Body and
from Trouble in the Mind
• We Act to Avoid Pain and Fear
• Pain Is the Absence of Pleasure
The Good Life
• “Wealth” Andrew Carnegie
– Proper Administration of Wealth
– The Use of Great Fortunes
– The Problem of the “Rich and the Poor”
The Good Life
• “Greed” Solomon Schimmel
– The Paradox of Greed
– Greed as a Source of Unhappiness
The Good Life
• “Leisure and Consumption” Joanne B.
Ciulla
– Work and Amusements
– Trading Leisure for Consumption
The Good Life
• “Integrity” Lynne McFall
– Coherence
– Integrity and Importance
– Integrity, Friendship, and the Olaf Principle
The Good Life
• “Standing for Something” Cheshire
Calhoun
– Personal and Social Virtues
• Standing For
– Standing for Something
– Integrity as the “Master Virtue”
The Good Life
• “Your Money or Your Life” Joe Dominguez
and Vicki Robin
– Having Enough
– The Pleasures of Frugality
• Frugality and Self-Respect
The Good Life
• “Impersonal Interests” Bertrand Russell
– The Uses of Impersonal Interests
• Relaxation
• Sense of Proportion
– Happiness and “Greatness of Soul”
The Good Life
• “Why Ethics?” Robert C. Solomon
– Ethical Errors End Careers More Quickly and
Definitively Than Any Other Mistake in
Judgment or Accounting
– Ethics Provides the Broader Framework
Within Which Business Life Must Be
Understood
– Nothing Is More Dangerous to a Business –
or to Business in General – Than a Tarnished
Public Image
Money, How We Get It, and Where It Goes
Accounting, Finance, and Investment Ethics
• “Ethical Issues for Accountants” Richard T.
De George
– Ethical Issues
– The Accounting Rules
– Regulation and Efficiency
Money, How We Get It, and Where It Goes
Accounting, Finance, and Investment Ethics
• “Lies, Damned Lies, and Managed
Earnings” Carol J. Loomis
– Expectations as the Fundamental Reason for
“Managing Earnings”
– The Fundamental Problem with EarningsManagement
– Obstacles in Pursuing Corporate Criminals
Money, How We Get It, and Where It Goes
Accounting, Finance, and Investment Ethics
• “Arthur Andersen Refugees Reflect on
What Went Wrong” Ed Cohen
– Unfairly Scapegoated?
– Difficult Accounting Due to Complex Business
Structure
Money, How We Get It, and Where It Goes
Accounting, Finance, and Investment Ethics
• “The Individual Investor in Securities
Markets: An Ethical Analysis” Robert E.
Frederick and W. Michael Hoffman
– Exactly What Kind of Investor Are We Talking
About?
– What Sort of Justification Might Be Offered for
Restricting the Investments of At-Risk
Investors?
– If Some Investors Are Restricted, How Should
It Be Done?
Money, How We Get It, and Where It Goes
Accounting, Finance, and Investment Ethics
• “Finance Ethics” John R. Boatright
– Financial Markets
• Unfair Trading Practices
• Fair Conditions
• Financial Contracting
– Financial Services
• Fiduciaries and Agents
• Sales Practices
• Financial Services Firms
– Financial Management
• Balancing Competing Interests
• The Level of Risk
• Hostile Takeovers
Money, How We Get It, and Where It Goes
Accounting, Finance, and Investment Ethics
• “What Is Really Unethical About Insider
Trading?” Jennifer Moore
– Ethical Arguments Against Insider Trading
• Fairness
• Property Rights in Information
• Harm
– Is There Anything Wrong with Insider Trading?
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Information is Positive
Profit by Creating Inside Information
Free Riders
Deflect Employee Attention to Major Changes Within
Company
Money, How We Get It, and Where It Goes
Accounting, Finance, and Investment Ethics
• “F.I.A.S.C.O.” Frank Partnoy
– Derivatives
– Asian Fallout
Who Gets What and Why?
Fairness and Justice
• “Ring of Gyges” Plato
– Constraints on Justice
Who Gets What and Why?
Fairness and Justice
• “On Human Exchange and Human
Differences” Adam Smith
– Self-Love
– Differences in Talents
– The Effects of the Differences in Genius and
Talent
Who Gets What and Why?
Fairness and Justice
• “A Latin Viewpoint” Latin Trade
– Wal-Mart in Latin America
– Economic Justice or Low Prices?
Who Gets What and Why?
Fairness and Justice
• “Exploitation of Need” Joanne B. Ciulla
– Self-Enslavement
– Monkey Labor
– Wages for Time and Freedom
Who Gets What and Why?
Fairness and Justice
• “Justice as Fairness” John Rawls
– The “Initial Situation”
– The Two Principles of Justice
– Guaranteeing Justice
– The General Conception of Justice
Who Gets What and Why?
Fairness and Justice
• “Rich and Poor” Peter Singer
– Some Facts About Poverty
• Absolute Poverty
• Relative Poverty
– The Obligation to Assist
Who Gets What and Why?
Fairness and Justice
• “A Capitalist Conception of Justice” Irving
Kristol
– Social Justice vs. Unqualified Justice
– Smith’s Concepts of Justice and Sympathy
– A Realistic Conception of Justice
Who Gets What and Why?
Fairness and Justice
• “Justice Ruins the Market” Friedrich
von Hayek
– The Immoral Consequences of Morally
Inspired Efforts
– In the Great Society “Social Justice” Becomes
a Disruptive Force
Who Gets What and Why?
Fairness and Justice
• “The Winner-Take-All-Game” Eduard
Garcia
– The “Winner-Take-All” Game
– “Hollywood-Style” Economics
Who Gets What and Why?
Fairness and Justice
• “Comparable Worth: A Matter of Simple
Justice” Gerald W. McEntee
– Comparable Worth
– Pro and Con Arguments:
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Women’s More Recent Entry into Workforce, etc.
Upset Free Market and Require New Laws
Dissimilar Jobs
Costs Too Much
Is “the Social Responsibility of Business…to
Increase Its Profits”?
Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Theory
• “The Social Responsibility of Business Is
to Increase Its Profits” Milton Friedman
– “Business” Social Responsibilities
– Corporate Executive Has a “Social
Responsibility” in Capacity as a Businessman
• Shareholder’s Stakes
• Market Mechanism and Unanimity
• Political Mechanism and Conformity
Is “the Social Responsibility of Business…to
Increase Its Profits”?
Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Theory
• “Why Shouldn’t Corporations Be Socially
Responsible?” Christopher D. Stone
– The Promissory Argument
– The Agency Argument
– The Role Argument
– The “Polestar” Argument
Is “the Social Responsibility of Business…to
Increase Its Profits”?
Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Theory
• “Corporate Moral Agency” Peter A. French
– Accepting Corporations as Members of Moral
Community
– Ordinary Responsibility and Ascription
– The Subject’s Intentions with Ascription
– Corporate Intentions are Reducible to Human
Intentions
– Corporate Internal Decision Structure
Is “the Social Responsibility of Business…to
Increase Its Profits”?
Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Theory
• “A Stakeholder Theory of the Modern
Corporation” R. Edward Freeman
– The Attack on Managerial Capitalism
• The Legal Argument
• The Economic Argument
– A Stakeholder Theory of the Firm
• The Stakeholder Concept
• Stakeholders in the Modern Corporation
• The Role of Management
Is “the Social Responsibility of Business…to
Increase Its Profits”?
Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Theory
• “Social Responsibility and Economic
Efficiency” Kenneth J. Arrow
– Improving the Efficiency of Business
– The “Used-Car” Argument
Is “the Social Responsibility of Business…to
Increase Its Profits”?
Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Theory
• “The Changing Basis of Economic
Responsibility” J. Maurice Clark
– Forecast of the Argument
– The Swing of the Pendulum
– Responsibility and the Liberal Economics
When Innovation Bytes Back
Ethics and Technology
• “Intellectual Property Rights and Computer
Software” Deborah C. Johnson
– The Philosophical Basis of Property
– Natural Rights Argument
• Critique of Moral Rights In Software
• Against Ownership
– Consequentialist Arguments
– Conclusions from the Philosophical Analysis
of Property
– Is it Wrong to Copy Proprietary Software?
When Innovation Bytes Back
Ethics and Technology
• “Information Ethics in a Worldwide
Context” Elizabeth A. Buchanan
– Information Inequity
– Qualitatively-Grounded Inequities
– Information Commoditization
– The Internet: Perpetuating Inequity World
Wide
When Innovation Bytes Back
Ethics and Technology
• “Hacker Ethics” Deborah C. Johnson
– Why Hack?
– Four Hacker Arguments
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Information Should Be Free
Illustrating Security Problems
No Harm Done
Keeping Big Brother at Bay
When Innovation Bytes Back
Ethics and Technology
• “Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us” Bill Joy
– Dystopias
– Technological Innovations
– Regulation and Creativity
When Innovation Bytes Back
Ethics and Technology
• “In Defense of the Naked Mind” Theodore
Roszak
– “The Computer and General Ludd”
– “Meanwhile, Back at the Carnival”
– The End of the War Machine?
– The Advent of the Money Machine
– Edutainment
– The Ideal of the Online Commonwealth
– A Few More Words…
The Art of Seduction
The Ethics of Advertising, Marketing, and Sales
• “The Dependence Effect” John Kenneth
Galbraith
– The Theory of Consumer Demand
– Consumer Demand and Marketing and
Salesmanship
– The Output of Society
The Art of Seduction
The Ethics of Advertising, Marketing, and Sales
• “The Non Sequitur of the ‘Dependence
Effect’” Friedrich von Hayek
– Cultural Needs
– The “Non Sequitur” of the Dependence Effect
The Art of Seduction
The Ethics of Advertising, Marketing, and Sales
• “Advertising and Behavior Control” Robert
L. Arrington
– Manipulation of Human Autonomy or CostEffective Information?
– Autonomous Desire
– Rational Desire and Choice
– Free Choice
The Art of Seduction
The Ethics of Advertising, Marketing, and Sales
• “The Justification of Advertising in a
Market Economy” Alan Goldman
– Maximum Efficiency
– Maximization of Individual Freedoms
– Consumer Relevant Knowledge
– Moral Demands
– Regulations
– Social Effect of Advertising
– Rational Choices?
The Art of Seduction
The Ethics of Advertising, Marketing, and Sales
• “The Bribed Soul” Leslie Savan
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The Sponsored Life
When Watching, Watch Out
Big Lie, Little Lie
Read the Box
Assume No Relationships
We Don’t Buy Products
Promotional Is Political
Shepherding Herds of Individuals
Follow the Flattery
We Participate in Our Own Seduction
The Art of Seduction
The Ethics of Advertising, Marketing, and Sales
• “The Ethics of Sales” Thomas L. Carson
– Preliminaries: A Conceptual Roadmap
– The Common Law Principle of Caveat Emptor
– Holley’s Theory
– Criticisms of Holley
– Toward a More Plausible Theory About the
Ethics of Sales
• The Golden Rule
Things Fall Apart
Product Liability and Consumers
• “Liability” Peter Huber
– Tort Liability
– From Consent to Coercion
– Strict Liability
Things Fall Apart
Product Liability and Consumers
• “Calculating Risks: It’s Easier Said Than
Done” John Nesmith
– Universal Perception Factors
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Control vs. No Control
Immediate vs. Chronic
Natural vs. Manmade
Risk vs. Benefit
Imposed vs. Voluntary
Things Fall Apart
Product Liability and Consumers
• “How We Got into This Mess” Stanley J. Modic
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Product Liability
Who Pays?
It’s Not Working
Why It’s Happening
Impetus from Detroit
Two Crises
• Cultivating the Market
– A Gloomy Prospect
• Solutions Coming
• Tort-Law Change
Things Fall Apart
Product Liability and Consumers
• “Strict Products Liability and
Compensatory Justice” George G.
Brenkert
– Strict Product Liability
– Absolute Liability
– Assumptions of the Free Enterprise System
Things Fall Apart
Product Liability and Consumers
• “Fear of Living” Henry Fairlie
– The “Fear of Living”
– The Groups Who Encourage the “Fear”
Things Fall Apart
Product Liability and Consumers
• “Too Many Lawyers, Too Many Suits”
Warren E. Burger
– Too Many Lawyers
– “The Litigation Explosion” Walter K. Olson
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Commercial Litigation
Overworked System
Necessary Evil?
Contingency Fees
Monopoly of the Field
Things Fall Apart
Product Liability and Consumers
• “Pinto Madness” Mark Dowie
– Ford’s Moral Mistake
• Cost-Benefit Analysis
Things Fall Apart
Product Liability and Consumers
• “The Pinto Case and the Rashamon
Effect” Patricia Werhane
– The “Rashamon Effect”
– The Development of the Pinto
“You Know How to Whistle, Don’t You?”
Whistleblowing, Company Loyalty, and Employee
Responsibility
• “Whistleblowing and Professional
Responsibility” Sissela Bok
– Nature of Whistleblowing
– Individual Moral Choice
“You Know How to Whistle, Don’t You?”
Whistleblowing, Company Loyalty, and Employee
Responsibility
• “Some Paradoxes of Whistleblowing”
Michael Davis
– The Standard Theory
– Three Paradoxes
– A Complicity Theory
– Testing the Theory
“You Know How to Whistle, Don’t You?”
Whistleblowing, Company Loyalty, and Employee
Responsibility
• “Whistleblowing and Employee Loyalty”
Ronald Duska
– Whistleblowing
– Moral Constraints for Whistleblowers
– The “Team Model”
“You Know How to Whistle, Don’t You?”
Whistleblowing, Company Loyalty, and Employee
Responsibility
• “Four Concepts of Loyalty” David E. Soles
– The Idealist Account
– The Common Sense Conception
– Loyalties as Norms
– The Minimalist Account
“You Know How to Whistle, Don’t You?”
Whistleblowing, Company Loyalty, and Employee
Responsibility
• “Loyalty, Corporations and Community”
George D. Randels
– Loyalty, Duty, and Virtue
– What Is Loyalty?
– Loyalty and the Standard Account of Business
– Corporate Loyalty in the Postmodern
Business World
Think Local, Act Global
International Business
• “Jihad vs. McWorld” Benjamin Barber
– The Clash of the Two Worlds
– The Dynamics of their Linkage
• Both Make War on the Sovereign Nation-State
• Indifference to Civil Liberty
• Virtues of Democracy are Lost
Think Local, Act Global
International Business
• “The Lexus and the Olive Tree” Thomas L.
Friedman
– Globalization
– Lexus Factory vs. Olive Tree
Think Local, Act Global
International Business
• “Trying Out One’s New Sword” Mary
Midgley
– Moral Isolationism
• Do Barriers Work Both Ways?
• Do Barriers Block Praise and Blame?
• What Is Involved in Judging?
Think Local, Act Global
International Business
• “The Ethic of Compassion” Dalai Lama
– Nying Je Chenmo
– Compassion In Our Daily Lives
Think Local, Act Global
International Business
• “Values in Tension: Ethics Away from
Home” Thomas Donaldson
– Competing Answers
– Balancing the Extremes: Three Guiding
Principles
– Defining the Ethical Threshold: Core Values
– Creating an Ethical Corporate Culture
– Conflicts of Development and Conflicts of
Tradition
Think Local, Act Global
International Business
• “Values in Tension: Ethics Away from Home”
Thomas Donaldson
– Guidelines for Ethical Leadership
• Treat Corporate Values and Formal Standards of Conduct as
Absolutes
• Design and Implement Conditions of Engagement for
Suppliers and Customers
• Allow Foreign Business Units to Help Formulate Ethical
Standards and Interpret Ethical Issues
• In Host Countries, Support Efforts to Decrease Institutional
Corruption
• Exercise Moral Imagination
Think Local, Act Global
International Business
• “Doing Business in Dangerous Places”
The Economist
– Today’s Risks
– How to Be Safer
– Simmering
Think Local, Act Global
International Business
• United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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The Common Standard for All Peoples and All Nations
All Humans Are Born Free
No Discrimination
Life, Liberty, and Security of Person
No One Shall Be Held in Slavery or Servitude
No One Shall Be Subjected to Cruel, Inhumane Punishment
Everyone Is a Person Before the Law
All Are Equal Before the Law and Entitled Without Discrimination
to Equal Protection of the Law
– Right to Effective Remedy by the Competent National Tribunal
for Acts Violating the Fundamental Rights Granted by Law
– No One Shall Be Subjected to Arbitrary Arrest, Detention, or
Exile
– Entitlement to a Fair and Public Hearing
Think Local, Act Global
International Business
• United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights
– Innocent Until Proven Guilty
– No One Shall Be Subjected to Arbitrary Interference of Privacy
– Freedom of Movement Within Borders of State; Everyone Has
Right to Leave and Return to Own Country
– The Right to Seek Asylum in Other Countries; May Not Be
Invoked for Non-political Crimes
– Right to Nationality; Right to Change Nationality
– Right to Marry and Found a Family; Free and Full Consent;
Family is the Natural and Fundamental Group Unit of Society
– Right to Own Property
– Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion
– Freedom of Opinion and Expression
– Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association
– Right to Take Part in Own Government
Think Local, Act Global
International Business
• United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights
– Right to Social Security
– Right to Work; Equal Pay; Just and Favorable Remuneration;
Right to Form Unions
– Right to Rest and Leisure
– Right to Standard of Living Adequate for the Health and WellBeing of Self and Family; Motherhood and Childhood Right to
Special Care
– Right to Education; Promoting Understanding; Parents’ Choice
– Right to Freely Participate in Community
– Right to the Social and International Order to Participate in
These Rights
– Duties to the Community; Limitations Only in Respect for the
Rights of Others
– No Destruction of Any Rights
Working with Mother Nature
Environmental Ethics and Business Ecology
• “At the Shrine of Our Lady Fatima or Why
Political Questions Are Not All Economic”
Mark Sagoff
– Political and Economic Decisionmaking
– Substituting Efficiency for Safety
– Liberty: Ancient and Modern
– Values Are Not Subjective
– Preference or Principle?
– The Citizen as Joseph K.
Working with Mother Nature
Environmental Ethics and Business Ecology
• “People or Penguins” William F. Baxter
– Spheres of Freedom Criterion
– Waste is a Bad Thing
– Every Human Regarded as an End Rather
Than a Mean
– The Incentive and Opportunity to Improve His
Share of Satisfactions Should Be Preserved
to Every Individual
– Optimal State of Pollution
– Difference Between Dollars and Resources
Working with Mother Nature
Environmental Ethics and Business Ecology
• “Morality, Money, and Motor Cars” Norman
Bowie
– Business Has No Obligation to Protect the
Environment
– Business Has the Obligation to Avoid
Intervening in the Political Arena in Order to
Weaken or Defeat Environmental Legislation
– Business Has Obligation to Obey the Law
– The Noninterventionist Policy
Working with Mother Nature
Environmental Ethics and Business Ecology
• “The Place of Nonhumans in
Environmental Issues” Peter Singer
– Humans and Nonhumans
– Speciesism
– Nonhumans Have Interests
– Equal Consideration of Interests
– Examples
– The Meat Industry
Working with Mother Nature
Environmental Ethics and Business Ecology
• “Rain-forest Chic” Jon Entine
– Environmental Popularity
– Self-Interest vs. “Ethical” Concerns
The Gift that Keeps on Asking
Reciprocity and Conflicts of Interest
• “Nepotism in American Business” Adam
Bellow
– Nepotism
– Old and New
– Good and Bad
The Gift that Keeps on Asking
Reciprocity and Conflicts of Interest
• “A Quick Look at the History of Bribes” John T. Noonan,
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Bribes
History of Bribes
Universality of Bribes
Concept Counter to Normal Expectations
Religious Origins
Religious Ambivalence
The Double Message
Bribe/Gift Distinction
Open Bribes
Bribes in Business
Ideologically Neutral
Enforcement of Law Against Bribes
Sanctions Against Bribes
Attention to Contemporary Corruption
Material Injury
The Gift that Keeps on Asking
Reciprocity and Conflicts of Interest
• “Ethics and the Foreign Corrupt Practices
Act” Mark Pastin and Michael Hooker
– History of the FCPA
– Ethical Analysis of the FCPA
When the Buck Stops Here
Leadership
• “What Is Good Leadership?” Joanne B.
Ciulla
– Our Fascination with Pizzazz
– It’s Great to Be King!
– The Challenge of Consistency
– Machiavellianism and Robinhoodism
– The Intersection of Ethics and Effectiveness
– Unethical or Stupid?
– Blinding Morality
When the Buck Stops Here
Leadership
• “Is It Better to Be Loved than Feared?”
Niccolo Machiavelli
– Moral Qualities in a Leader
When the Buck Stops Here
Leadership
• “The Bathsheba Syndrome: The Ethical
Failure of Successful Leaders” Dean C.
Ludwig and Clinton O. Longnecker
– The Story of David and Bathsheba
– Success as an Antecedent to Ethical Failure
– The Dark Side of Success
– Advice to Successful Leaders
When the Buck Stops Here
Leadership
• “A Kantian Theory of Leadership” Norman E.
Bowie
– Kantian Leadership and the Development of
Autonomy
– Kingdom of Ends Formulation of the Categorical
Imperative
– Subjection to Moral Law
– Leader as a Decision-Proposer
– The Norms for Decisions
– Guiding Principles for Leaders
When the Buck Stops Here
Leadership
• “What Is Transforming Leadership?”
James MacGregor Burns
– FDR and the Pursuit of Change
– Transactional Leadership
– Transforming Leadership
• Empowerment
• Emotions in Leader-Follower Relationships
• Charisma
When the Buck Stops Here
Leadership
• “Servant Leadership: A Journey into the
Nature of Legitimate Power and
Greatness” Robert Greenleaf
– Who Is the Servant-Leader?
– Everything Begins with the Initiative of an
Individual
– What Are You Trying to Do?
Who’s Minding the Store?
The Ethics of Corporate Governance
• “Who Rules the Corporation?” Ralph
Nader, Mark Green, and Joel Seligman
– Revamping the Board
– Election of the Board
– A New Role for Shareholders
Who’s Minding the Store?
The Ethics of Corporate Governance
• “Power and Accountability: The Changing
Role of the Corporate Board of Directors”
Irving S. Shapiro
– Boards Changing for the Better
• Five Basic Jobs
– Boards Need Windows
Who’s Minding the Store?
The Ethics of Corporate Governance
• “Who Should Control The Corporation?” Henry
Mintzberg
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
“Nationalize It”
“Democratize It”
“Regulate It”
“Pressure It”
“Trust It”
“Ignore It”
“Induce It”
If the Shoe Fits…
Who’s Minding the Store?
The Ethics of Corporate Governance
• “Employee Voice in Corporate Governance: A
Defense of Strong Participation Rights” John J.
McCall
– Defenses
• Dignity, Fairness, Self-Respect, Health, Democracy
– Property Rights Objections
– Adjucating the Rights Conflict
• Autonomy, Fairness, Utility, Democracy
– Conclusion: The Employee Tight to Co-determine
Corporate Policy Has Presumptive Force
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “Two Kinds of Commerce” Aristotle
– The Art of Wealth Getting
– Retail Trade
– The Business of the Statesman
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “The Benefits of Capitalism” Adam Smith
– The Improvements in Machinery
– The “Woolen Coat”
– The Complexity and Organization of Fabor
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “Adam Smith’s Relevance to
Contemporary Economic Theory” Patricia
Werhane
– Adam Smith: Hardly a Utopian
– Five Conditions to a Just Operation of
Unregulated Economy
• Perfect Liberty, Internal Self-Restraint,
Coordination, Laws of Justice, and Perfect
Competition
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “Commodity Fetishism” Karl Marx
– Commodity, Use Value, and Exchange Value
– The Mystical, Mysterious Commodity
– Fetishism of Commodities
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “Reflections on the Triumph of Capitalism”
Robert Heilbroner
– Socialism vs. Capitalism
– Normative Claims
– Descriptive Stance
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “Laissez-faire and Education” John Stuart
Mill
– Authoritative Interference
– Legitimate Interference
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “Buddhist Economics” E. F. Schumacher
– “Right Livelihood”
– The Function of Work
– Liberation from the Attachment of Wealth
– Character in Economics
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “The Economics of Poverty” Amartya Sen
– Reasons for Poverty
– Defeating Poverty
– The ethics of Famine
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “Pecuniary Emulation and Conspicuous
Consumption” Thorstein Veblen
– Pecuniary Emulation
– Property is the Nature of Trophy, the Accepted
Badge of Efficiency
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism”
Daniel Bell
– Culture as the Most Dynamic Component of
Civilization
– Legitimation of Cultural Impulse
– The Glorification of Plenty
– The Liberal Answer to Social Problems
– Two Crises
Is Everything for Sale?
The Future of the Free Market
• “Everything For Sale” Robert Kuttner
– The Mixed Economy
– Capitalism as Laissez-Faire
– Balance of Market, State, and Civil Society