Transcript Chapter 6 - MDC Faculty Home Pages

Chapter 4
Socialization and Development
Socialization
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Social interaction that teaches the child
the intellectual, physical, and social skills
needed to function as a member of
society.
Each child slowly acquires a
personality— the patterns of behavior
and ways of thinking and feeling that are
distinctive for each individual.
Deprivation and
Development
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Human infants need more than just food
and shelter if they are to function
effectively as social creatures.
Children who aren’t provided physical,
mental, or emotional stimulation often
develop attachment disorder—they re
unable to trust people and to form
relationships with others.
Moral Development
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Research suggests that not every person
is capable of thinking about morality in the
same way.
Just as our sense of self and our ability to
think logically develop in stages, our
moral thinking develops in a progression
of steps as well.
 Class experiment…..
Kohlberg’s Stages of Morality
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Stage 1. Orientation toward
punishment.
Stage 2. Orientation toward reward.
Stage 3. Orientation toward possible
disapproval by others.
Kohlberg’s Stages of Morality
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Stage 4. Orientation toward formal
laws and fear of personal dishonor.
Stage 5. Orientation toward peer
values and democracy.
Stage 6. Orientation toward one’s
own set of values.
Cooley’s: Looking-Glass Self
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The process through which we develop a
sense of self (Entirely a Social Product):
 We imagine how our actions appear to
others.
 We imagine how other people judge
these actions.
 We make a self-judgment based on the
presumed judgments of others.
Freud’s View of the Self
The self has three separately functioning parts:
 id - the drives and instincts every human
inherits, but which remain unconscious for the
most part.
 Superego - society’s norms and moral values
as learned primarily from our parents.
 ego - tries to mediate in the eternal conflict
between the id and the superego, and to find
socially acceptable ways for the id’s drives to be
expressed.
Agents of Socialization
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The Family
 Primary means of socialization in most
societies
 Varies according to geography,
subculture, class, religion, ethnicity and
different lifestyles of parents
Agents of Socialization
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The School
 Early interaction with others
 Building social and inter-personal skills
 Early experience in institutional
environments
Agents of Socialization
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Peer Groups
 Great influence in lifestyle issues
 Social support
 Social pressure to conform
The Mass Media
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98.2% of all households in the U.S. have
television sets, with an average of 2 sets per
home.
Schoolchildren watch an average 2 1/2 hours of
television on school days and 4 hours and 20
minutes on weekends.
By the time most people reach the age of 18,
they will have spent more waking time watching
television than doing anything else.
Deviant Behavior and Social Control
Normal and Deviant Behavior
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Norms and values make up the moral code of a
culture.
The moral code of a culture - The symbolic
system in terms of which behavior takes on the
quality of being “good” or “bad,” “right” or
“wrong.”
Deviant behavior is behavior that fails to
conform to the rules or norms of the group in
question.
What is deviant behavior?
What is Deviant Behavior?
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From the sociological perspective,
deviance is seen as relative to the values
of any given culture. However, there are
certain acts that are almost universally
accepted as being deviant.
 Genocide
 Parent-child incest
Functions of Deviance
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Prompts the group to organize in
order to limit future deviant acts.
Helps clarify for the group what it
really does believe in.
Teaches normal behavior by
providing examples of rule violation
Social Control
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Mechanisms of social control
A way of directing or influencing
members’ behavior to conform to the
group’s values and norms.
Internal means of control
Operates on the individual even in the
absence of reactions by others.
Social Control
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External Means of Control
Other people’s responses to a person’s
behavior – rewards and punishments
Sanctions
Rewards and penalties used by a group’s
members to regulate an individual’s behavior.
Positive sanctions - Actions that encourage the
individual to continue acting in a certain way.
Negative sanctions - Actions that discourage
the repetition or continuation of the behavior.
Formal and Informal
Sanctions
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Formal sanctions are applied in a public ritual.
 Example: Awarding a prize or announcing an
expulsion.
Many social responses to a person’s behavior
involve informal sanctions, or actions by group
members that arise spontaneously with little or
no formal direction.
The Emergence of Laws
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The consensus approach assumes laws are a
formal version of people’s norms and values.
 Example: People generally agree that
stealing is wrong. Laws emerge that provide
penalties for those caught violating the law.
The conflict approach assumes that the elite
use their power to enact laws that support their
economic interests and go against the interests
of the lower class.
Crime
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Crime is behavior that violates a society’s legal
code.
A violent crime is an unlawful event, such as
homicide, rape, and assault, that may result in
injury to a person.
A property crime is an unlawful act that is
committed with the intent of gaining property but
that does not involve the use or threat of force
against an individual.
Property Crime
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75% of all crime in the United States is a
property crime.
In 2000:
 3,444,000 households reported a burglary.
 937,000 reported an auto theft.
 19,297,000 reported a property crime.
 Only 32.6% of all household thefts are
reported.
Percentage of Selected Crimes
Reported to the Police
Likelihood That Someone Will
Be Arrested for a Known Crime
Likelihood That Someone Will Be
Sent to Prison for a Known Crime
Age Distribution of Arrests,
2000
Age Group
Age 14 and
younger
15–19
20–24
25–29
30–34
35–39
% of U.S.
Population
% of People
Arrested
21.2
5.1
7.2
6.8
6.4
7.1
8
20.4
19.8
12.9
10.5
9.8
Age Distribution of Arrests,
2000
Age Group
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
Age 65 and
older
% of U.S.
Population
8.2
7.3
6.4
4.9
3.9
12.7
% of People
Arrested
9.2
6.2
3.3
1.5
0.7
0.6
White-Collar Crime
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Crimes committed in the course of one’s
job for the purpose of personal or
organizational gain.
Examples: embezzlement, bribery, fraud,
theft of services and kickback schemes.
In 2000, federal prosecutors charged
8,766 defendants with white-collar crimes.
U.S. Homicide Solution
Rates
Victimless Crimes
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Acts that violate those laws meant to
enforce the moral code.
Usually they involve the use of narcotics,
illegal gambling, public drunkenness, the
sale of sexual services, or status offenses
by minors.
Criminal Justice in the United
States
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Every society that has established a legal
code has also set up a criminal justice
system—personnel and procedures for
arrest, trial, and punishment—to deal with
violations of the law.
The three main categories of our criminal
justice system are the police, the courts,
and the prisons.
Goals of Imprisonment
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Prisons exist to accomplish at least four
goals:
 separate criminals from society
 punish criminal behavior
 deter criminal behavior
 rehabilitate criminals
Women Prisoners in State and
Federal Institutions, 1925–2004
Average Time Served for
Various Types of Crime