Transcript Kohlberg`s stages of moral development

Kohlberg's stages of moral
development
A Psychological Look at
The Importance of Morality
Lawrence Kohlberg
• (October 25, 1927 – January 19, 1987)
• Was a Jewish American psychologist born in
Bronxville, New York, who served as a professor at
the University of Chicago, as well as Harvard
University.
• Having specialized in research on moral education
and reasoning, he is best known for his theory of
stages of moral development.
• A close follower of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive
development, Kohlberg's work reflected and extended
his predecessor's ideas, at the same time creating a
new field within psychology: "moral development".
• Kohlberg was one of the most eminent psychologists
of the 20th century.
Jean Piaget
Lawrence Kohlberg
The Stages
• In a 1958 dissertation, Kohlberg wrote what are
now known as Kohlberg's stages of moral
development.
• These stages explain the development of moral
reasoning.
• Created while studying psychology at the
University of Chicago, the theory was inspired
by the work of Jean Piaget and a fascination
with children's reactions to moral dilemmas
• Kohlberg’s theory holds
that moral reasoning,
which is the basis for
ethical behavior, has six
identifiable developmental
constructive stages - each
more adequate at
responding to moral
dilemmas than the last
JUSTICE!
• He determined that the process of moral
development was principally concerned
with justice and that its development
continued throughout the life span.
Moral Scenarios
• Kohlberg studied moral reasoning by
presenting subjects with moral dilemmas.
• He would then categorize and classify the
reasoning used in the responses, into one
of six distinct stages, grouped into three
levels: pre-conventional, conventional and
post-conventional. Each level contains two
stages.
Level 1 (Pre-Conventional)
– Child’s level. (However, some adults act out of this level.)
– People at this level judge the morality of an action by its
direct consequences.
– solely concerned with the self in an egocentric manner.
– Person has not yet adopted or internalized society's
conventions regarding what is right or wrong, but instead
focuses largely on external consequences that certain
actions may bring
1. Punishment avoidance and Obedience orientation
(How can I avoid punishment?)
2. Exchange of Favors: Self-interest orientation
(What's in it for me?)
(Paying for a benefit)
Level 2 (Conventional)
– typical of adolescents and adults.
– Those who reason in a conventional way judge the morality
of actions by comparing them to society's views and
expectations.
– At this level an individual obeys rules and follows society's
norms even when there are no consequences for obedience
or disobedience.
– Adherence to rules and conventions is somewhat rigid,
however.
3. Good Boy/Good girl: Interpersonal
accord and conformity
(Social norms)
(The good boy/good girl attitude)
4. Law & Order: Authority and social-order
maintaining orientation
(Law and order morality)
Level 3 (Post-Conventional)
– There is a growing realization that individuals are separate
entities from society, and that the individual’s own
perspective may take precedence over society’s view; they
may disobey rules inconsistent with their own principles.
– These people live by their own abstract principles about right
and wrong—principles that typically include such basic
human rights as life, liberty, and justice.
5. Social contract orientation
6. Universal ethical principles
(Principled conscience)
Examples of Stages 1 Through 6
• Stage 1: I will not hit my brother, because mommy will
yell at me.
• Stage 2: If I don’t hit my brother all day, mommy will
give me ice cream.
• Stage 3: I won’t hit my brother because my mommy and
brother don’t like it; I will be a good boy.
• Stage 4: I don’t hit my brother because its against the
rules.
• Stage 5: I don’t hit my brother because people should
not hurt each other.
• Stage 6: I don’t hit my brother because he has the right
to safety and happiness even if I want to harm him.