Transcript intro to psych chapter 4

Introduction to
Psychology
Lifespan Development
Childhood Disorders
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Pica
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ADHD
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Autism
Conduct Disorder
Pica
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Eating inedible substances
Often in kids with developmental disabilities
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Risk factors:
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 Family
disorganization
 Nutritional deficiencies
 Behavior is being unintentionally reinforced
ADHD
Hyperactivity
 Inability to focus/concentrate
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5x more likely in boys than girls
ADHD
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Hyperactive Type
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Inattentive Type
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Combined Type
 Social/cultural
construction?
Autism
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Developmental disorder/communication
disorder
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Neurobiological
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1 in 150 are diagnosed
 Boys
are 4x more likely than girls
Autism
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“spectrum” disorder
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Lost in their private worlds
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Impaired social interaction
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Sensory difficulties
Autism
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Purposeless/repetitive movements
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Echolalia
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Attachment to objects
Autism
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Early diagnosis/intervention
 Lack
of eye contact
 No pointing
 Behavior
modification
 Nutritional interventions? Medication?
Encopresis/enuresis
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Bathroom accidents
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May be age inappropriate
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Sometimes related to trauma
Conduct Disorder
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Aggression
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Animal cruelty
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Fire setting
Conduct Disorder
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Lying
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Coercion/manipulative behavior
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Rule violations
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Little remorse
CD vs. ODD
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The stigma of labels
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Labels as a self-fulfilling prophesy?
Adolescence
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Adolescence is constructed differently
across cultures
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Different traits/attributes are seen as
desirable, based on cultural context
Adolescence
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Puberty: the biological event associated
with adolescence
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Body image:
 Boys
become more satisfied
 Girls become less satisfied
Erik Erikson: (1903-1994)
Psychosocial Dilemmas
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Psychosocial stages
 At
each stage, a “crisis”
 The
stages are relational
 Major
events in a typical life
Assumptions:
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Broad similarities across individuals during
life stages
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Developmental tasks
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Developmental milestones
The Impact on Development
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The manner in which we resolve the crises
has implications for our future
development
Stages
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Trust vs. Mistrust (age 1)
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Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (age 1-3)
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Initiative vs. Guilt (age 4-6)
Stages
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Industry vs. Inferiority (age 6-12)
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Identity vs. Role Confusion
(Adolescence)
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Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)
Stages
 Generativity
vs. Stagnation (Middle
Adulthood)
 Integrity
vs. Despair (Late
Adulthood)
Reactions to Erikson’s Theory?
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A Western framework?
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Relevant to all?
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Appropriate age ranges?
Lawrence Kohlberg:
Moral Development
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Piagetian tradition
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Use of hypothetical moral dilemmas
 how
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do we reason about morality?
Exclusively male
Levels of Moral Development
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Pre-conventional: moral thinking classified by
the consequences
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Conventional: desire to please others; follow
socially prescribed rules
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Post-conventional: self-accepting moral
principles
Preconventional
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Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation
 Choices
based on possible punishments
 We must obey rules without question
 “it’s
against the law; it’s bad to steal”
 Why? “Because you’ll get in trouble”
 “it’s okay if he stole it, because he won’t get punished”
Preconventional
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Stage 2: Individualism vs. Exchange
 Pleasure
seeking; self interest; helping others only if it
will benefit you
 Other people have different viewpoints; all relative
 “Heinz
thinks it’s okay, the druggist doesn’t”
 “Heinz was right, but the druggist should make him
work at the store to make the money back”
Conventional
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Stage 3: Good interpersonal relationships
 Good
boy/good girl: pleasing others/being
nice to gain approval
 Concern for motives, concern for others
 “Heinz
was right, he had good intentions”
 “The druggist was selfish and greedy”
Conventional
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Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order
 Authority
orientation; order, upholding the law
 Concern for society as a whole
 “Heinz
was acting to save his wife, but if we
all stole, society would be in chaos”
Post conventional
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Stage 5: Social contract and individual rights
 Support
of rules, but rules are open to question
 Democratic values
 Social contract between people and society
 “While
stealing is not ideal, Heinz was ultimately
correct in his decision; his wife’s life was on the line,
and life is more important than property”
Post conventional
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Stage 6: Universal Principles
 self
chosen ethical principles
 Justice and equality
 Perspective taking
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Civil disobedience
 Became
a theoretical stage
How do people reason?
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Pre-conventional: kids and delinquents
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Conventional: older kids and most adults
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Post-conventional: 20% of the adult
population
Carol Gilligan
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Justice or Caring?
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Critique of Kohlberg:
 Emphasis
on justice
 Men did better than women
 What
about the ethic of caring?
Ethic of caring
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Gilligan: women look for altruistic solutions
that benefit everyone
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Research: little to no difference in
male/female decision making
Cross-cultural vs. Cultural
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Cross-cultural: comparing cultures based
on one culture’s ideas
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Cultural: immersing oneself in a culture;
measure the culture based on its own
ideas/values