Moral Development - Sonoma State University
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Transcript Moral Development - Sonoma State University
Moral Development
Growing Morality
Infants
uncomfortable when others are hurt
interest in others
Early Childhood
aware that harmful actions are wrong
cooperation & negotiation begin to develop
Middle Childhood
understand fairness, capacity to feel guilt & shame
more influenced by peers, increasingly prosocial
Adolescence
more advanced reasoning
personal needs & self-interests affect decisions
Early Theories
Begins with external control
Moves to internal control
Freud / Erikson
Behaviorism
Social Learning Theory
Constructivism
Personal preferences
Social conventions
Moral imperatives
Theory of Moral
Development
Lawrence Kohlberg
6 stages
Used moral
dilemmas to
determine
Kohlberg’s Stages
Level One
Stage 1: Punishment-avoidance and
obedience
Stage 2: Exchange of favors / self interest
Level Two
Stage 3: Good boy/good girl
Stage 4: Law and order
Level Three
Stage 5: Social contract
Stage 6: Universal ethical principle
Kohlberg’s Dilemma
In Europe, a woman was near death from a rare form of
cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought
might save her, a form of radium that a druggist in the
same town had recently discovered. The druggist was
charging $2,000, ten times what the drug cost him to
make.
The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he
knew to borrow the money, but he could only get
together about half of what the drug cost. He told the
druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it
cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said no. So
Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's store to
steal the drug for his wife.
Heinz Dilemma Reasoning
LEVEL ONE
Stage 1: Punishment avoidance
pro – “Hopefully he won’t get caught.”
con – “He’ll go to jail.”
Stage 2: Exchange of favors/ self-interest
pro – “Heinz will be lonely if his wife dies.”
con – “Prison is an awful place.”
Heinz Dilemma Reasoning
LEVEL TWO
Stage 3: Good boy/good girl
pro – “He’ll show what a good husband he is.”
con – “Other people will think he is a bad man.”
Stage 4: Law and order
pro – “A husband has a duty to care for his
wife.”
con – “It’s against the law.”
Heinz Dilemma Reasoning
LEVEL THREE
Stage 5: Social contract
pro – “The law isn’t intended to cause
someone’s death.”
con – “The druggist’s rights aren’t being
respected.”
Stage 6: Universal ethical principle
pro – “Saving a life is more important than
property.”
con – “If he steals the drug, others who need
the drug can’t buy it.”
Gilligan’s Theory
Carol Gilligan
Questioned
Kohlberg’s theory
Identified 3 stages
Development of Aggression
At what age?
Types of aggression
Instrumental
Hostile
Overt
Relational
Which gender is most aggressive?
Fostering Prosocial Behaviors
Direct teaching
Label appropriate behaviors as they occur
Plan cooperative activities
Expose children to models of prosocial
behavior
Clear expectations for behavior
Induction
Discipline vs Punishment
discipline is long-term
punishment is short-term
fosters self-regulation, respect, problemsolving; fosters internal motivation
stops a behavior
positive discipline
Discipline Strategies
Establish and maintain logical routines
Set and maintain clear expectations: clarify
wanted behaviors
Use the environment to support expectations
Offer choices: fewer w/ young children more
open-ended for older children
Offer opportunities for problem-solving,
practice and role-playing
Consider how big a deal it is; choose to ignore
small transgressions
Setting Limits
Acknowledge child’s opinion & wishes
Explain your reasoning
Model using different perspectives
Promote children’s problem-solving;
negotiate if appropriate
Be consistent
Use logical consequences when limits are
ignored