Transcript Social Development

General Issues in
Development
Heritability =
V(H)/V(H) + V(E)
(But we can’t do the experiment!)
Some Models of Development
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Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny?
None (little adults)
Progressive differentiation
Maturation (Instinct, reflex, etc.)
Critical period
Readiness
Stages
Waves
Social Development
• This topic gets at the core of who and
what we are.
• First: Theories on Development
– Behavioral: patterns of reward/punishment
-Cognitive: Growth in understanding (+
Piaget on moral development)
-Social learning theory (modeling & imitation
are central)-- Bobo
-Psychoanalytic theory: internalization in
childhood (child as the father of the man?)
Attachment & Importance of
Childhood (Psychoanalytic View)
• Harlow Work incl. therapist monkeys, but there
is need for therapy!
• Hospitalism: Spitz et at./orphanage -->
retarded adult
• Ainsworth work: a solid base from which to
explore the world. Secure, insecure-avoidant,
insecure-resistant (toy filled room, mother
leaves & returns) later correlation with
adjustment
Strange Situation Results
Middle class kids:
• 60% secure
• 15% anxious/resistant
• 10% anxxious avoidant
• 15% disorganized
• But is it causal? unclear. (Due to child's
temperament?)
Day Care & Attachment
• Jay Belsky on amount of time in daycare vs. type of
attachment (secure vs.. insecure)
Fulltime 20-35hrs. 10-20 hrs.
% secure 53
65
79
Mother
75
Moral Development: Kohlberg
Preconventional, conventional, postconv.
• 1. punishment avoidance/ control of others
• 2. individual instrumental purpose: egocentric
• 3. good boy good girl (mutual interpersonal
expectations)
• 4. law and order (social system and conscience)
• 5. social contract
• 6. universal ethical principles
Moral Thought-->Moral Action?
level
1 2 3 4 5 6
% arrested M
60 18 6 41 75
"
F
33* 9 12 57 86*
Need for Achievement (McClelland)
• A. the measure: Murray TAT
• B. the finding: varying amounts of nAch
• C. predicts performance (goals people set, rate
of advancement of mngr)
• D. childrearing aspects: expectations for
independence
• E. societal implications/findings: electrical power
and other things
• F. Winterbottam's dev. study (mother
expectations)
• G. 30 countries and KWH corr.= .53 (corr. with
1925, not 1950)
• H. class differences
Child Rearing Styles
• Autocratic (authoritarian), authoritative,permissive,
uninvolved
• Affects anger, withdrawnness, independence
• Class differences: external vs.. internal control
( cog. diss. theory --minimum external control)-forbidden toy exper. Lepper Green & Nisbett
Child Rearing Strategies
• Long term vs. short term
• Most important task you will face….and
there’s no instruction manual!
Major Influences on Soc. Dev.
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Maturational
Attachment
Parenting Style
Social learning
Identification
Lesson of Wild Child
Personality
• Traits vs. Types
• Big five:
– Extraversion
– Neuroticism
– Conscientiousness
– Openness to experience
40 to 60% heritable
Situationism
• Low correlations across situations
– Strong vs. weak situations
– But-brain differences and heritability
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Introverts more sensitive to external stimuli
More reactive cns
Low pain tolerance
Underactive Nor-epi system
Sensation seeking extraverts
Heritability: Big five correlations
• Identical twins vs. fraternal
twins:correlation in personalities
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Identical
Fraternal
• Reared together- .51 vs. .23
• Reared apart.50 vs. .21
Personality Theories
• Psychoanalytic
• Humanistic
• Issue of Identification in forming us