Transcript Personalization Principle - lhdt548sp2012

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Personalization Principle
Source: Clark & Mayer (2012). E-Learning and
the Science of Instruction (3rd ed.).
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Personalization Principles
1. Use conversational rather than
formal style
2. Use effective on-screen coaches to
promote learning
3. Make the author visible to promote
learning
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Which style is more conducive to
learning, conversational or formal?
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Formal vs. Conversational Style
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“This program is about what type of plants survive on
different planets. For each planet, a plant will be designed.
The goal is to learn what type of roots, stems, and leaves
allow the plant to survive in each environment. Some hints
are provided throughout the program.

“You are about to start a journey where you will be visiting
different planets. For each planet, you will need to design a
plant. Your mission is to learn what type of roots, stems, and
leaves will allow your plant to survive in each environment. I
will be guiding you through by giving out some hints.
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Which type of audio is more
conducive to learning, human
voice or computer-generative
voice?
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Human vs. Computer Voices
 Students
performed
better when the
speaker’s voice is human
rather than a computer
voice, effective size of .79
(Mayer, Sobko, &
Mautone, 2003)
Human
voice
Computer
voice
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Principle 2: Use Effective OnScreen Coaches
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Pedagogical agents: Animated onscreen tutors in educational
program.
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Example 1: Steve
http://www.isi.edu/isd/VET/stevedemo.html
Example 2: Soft Skill
Training://my.adobeconnect.com/_a2
95153/codebaby/
Articulate StoryLine program provides
animated avatars for PowerPoint
http://www.articulate.com/community
/blogdemo/Hyperactive_Hyperlinkin
g/player.html
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Studies
 Students
used on-screen
agents performed better
than students who did not
use agents in problem
solving (Atkinson, 2002)
 It
makes no difference in
student performance if the
agents look real or not
(Craig, Gholson, & Driscoll,
2002)
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Speaking Avatar: Voki
http://technology4kids.pbworks.com/w/page/24535850/Voki%20Talking%2
0Avatars
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Make the Author Visible
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Visible authors reveal information about themselves
and highlight their personal perspective (Nolen, 1995;
Paxton, 2002)
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Write in first person
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Include themselves in an example:
 “Yet, least anyone become too hopeful that
correlation represents a magic method for
unambiguous identification of cause, consider the
relationship between my age and the price of
gasoline during the past ten years. The correlation is
nearly perfect, but no one would suggest any
assignment of cause.” (Nolen, 1995, p. 61)
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What We Don’t Know
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It can be counterproductive by being distracting
or condescending
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Which features of an agent promote learning, such
as the role of gesturing, eye fixations, and
locomotion.
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What types of learners benefit more than others
from the personalization principle.
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Need to study the long-term effect. Does the effect
of conversational style diminish as students spend
more time with a course?
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Personalization Principles: Recap
1. Use conversational rather than
formal style
2. Use effective on-screen coaches to
promote learning
3. Make the author visible to promote
learning